GRUB 配置以识别同一 Linux 发行版的不同桌面环境（安装）

Question

shirish

Asked: 2019-04-28 17:03:03 +0800 CST2019-04-28 17:03:03 +0800 CST 2019-04-28 17:03:03 +0800 CST

apt 或 apttitude 或 apt-get 何时开始支持最后两个版本以用于迁移目的

772

我今天在玩我的 Debian 安装，发现了一件有趣的事情。如果我这样做

$ apt-key list
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg
--------------------
pub   rsa4096 2019-04-15 [SC] [expires: 2024-04-13]
      12D4 CD60 0C22 40A9 F4A8  2071 D7B0 B669 41D0 1538
uid           [ unknown] riot.im packages <[email protected]>
sub   rsa3072 2019-04-15 [S] [expires: 2021-04-14]

pub   rsa4096 2019-04-15 [SC] [expires: 2024-04-13]
      AAF9 AE84 3A75 84B5 A3E4  CD2B CF45 A512 DE2D A058
uid           [ unknown] matrix.org packages <[email protected]>
sub   rsa3072 2019-04-15 [S] [expires: 2021-04-14]

pub   rsa4096 2017-05-22 [SC] [expires: 2025-05-20]
      E1CF 20DD FFE4 B89E 8026  58F1 E0B1 1894 F66A EC98
uid           [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <[email protected]>
sub   rsa4096 2017-05-22 [S] [expires: 2025-05-20]

pub   rsa4096 2014-11-21 [SC] [expires: 2022-11-19]
      D211 6914 1CEC D440 F2EB  8DDA 9D6D 8F6B C857 C906
uid           [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <[email protected]>

/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-automatic.gpg
----------------------------------------------------------
pub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
      80D1 5823 B7FD 1561 F9F7  BCDD DC30 D7C2 3CBB ABEE
uid           [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]

/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------------------
pub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
      5E61 B217 265D A980 7A23  C5FF 4DFA B270 CAA9 6DFA
uid           [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]

/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-stable.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------
pub   rsa4096 2019-02-05 [SC] [expires: 2027-02-03]
      6D33 866E DD8F FA41 C014  3AED DCC9 EFBF 77E1 1517
uid           [ unknown] Debian Stable Release Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>

当我使用 debian-buster 时，我很好奇为什么它有 jessie 和拉伸键。在上面这些是两个键 -

pub   rsa4096 2017-05-22 [SC] [expires: 2025-05-20]
      E1CF 20DD FFE4 B89E 8026  58F1 E0B1 1894 F66A EC98
uid           [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <[email protected]>
sub   rsa4096 2017-05-22 [S] [expires: 2025-05-20]

pub   rsa4096 2014-11-21 [SC] [expires: 2022-11-19]
      D211 6914 1CEC D440 F2EB  8DDA 9D6D 8F6B C857 C906
uid           [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (8/jessie) <[email protected]>

我删除了使用 -

$ sudo apt-key del E1CF20DDFFE4B89E802658F1E0B11894F66AEC98

也 -

$ sudo apt-key del D21169141CECD440F2EB8DDA9D6D8F6BC857C906

当两个键都被删除时，我得到了 pub keys 错误

$ sudo apt update
Hit:1 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease                                               
Err:1 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease                           
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:2 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease         
Err:2 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease         
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 9D6D8F6BC857C906 NO_PUBKEY AA8E81B4331F7F50
Hit:3 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable InRelease                         
Err:3 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable InRelease                         
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:4 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental InRelease                     
Err:4 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental InRelease                     
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:5 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug buster-debug InRelease
Err:5 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug buster-debug InRelease
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:6 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug unstable-debug InRelease
Hit:7 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug experimental-debug InRelease
Err:6 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug unstable-debug InRelease
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Err:7 http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug experimental-debug InRelease
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
Hit:8 https://packages.riot.im/debian buster InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
3 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 9D6D8F6BC857C906 NO_PUBKEY AA8E81B4331F7F50
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug buster-debug InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug unstable-debug InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug experimental-debug InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/dists/buster/InRelease  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security/dists/buster/updates/InRelease  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 9D6D8F6BC857C906 NO_PUBKEY AA8E81B4331F7F50
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/InRelease  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/InRelease  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/dists/buster-debug/InRelease  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/dists/unstable-debug/InRelease  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453EC
W: Failed to fetch http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/dists/experimental-debug/InRelease  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7638D0442B90D010 NO_PUBKEY 04EE7237B7D453E

我的 /etc/apt/sources.list 是 -

$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list

                               #### Debian buster #########
        deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
        deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main
    deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main


                              #### Debian unstable #########
        deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free


                           #### Debian experimental #########
       deb http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib
   deb-src http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib

                         ##### Debian Debug packages #######
       deb http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/ buster-debug main
       deb http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/ unstable-debug main
       deb http://debug.mirrors.debian.org/debian-debug/ experimental-debug main


                    ######## Third party repos #######
      deb https://riot.im/packages/debian/ buster main

并且不得不使用 gpg 导入它们（我知道它不安全但必须这样做-）

# gpg --recv-keys AA8E81B4331F7F50
gpg: key EDA0D2388AE22BA9: 11 signatures not checked due to missing keys
gpg: key EDA0D2388AE22BA9: public key "Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (9/stretch) <[email protected]>" imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1

接着 -

# gpg --export AA8E81B4331F7F50 | apt-key add
OK

我很想知道 apt 什么时候开始支持旧版本的签名以及最新的密钥？它是最近的现象还是真正古老的现象？我的意思是它是在 Etch (4.0) 还是更高版本中完成的？

更新 - 它从 Strech Install 开始，即 9，现在有了 buster。

至于另一个问题， /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ 有 -

/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-automatic.gpg
----------------------------------------------------------
pub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
      80D1 5823 B7FD 1561 F9F7  BCDD DC30 D7C2 3CBB ABEE
uid           [ unknown] Debian Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]

/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------------------
pub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [SC] [expires: 2027-04-12]
      5E61 B217 265D A980 7A23  C5FF 4DFA B270 CAA9 6DFA
uid           [ unknown] Debian Security Archive Automatic Signing Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>
sub   rsa4096 2019-04-14 [S] [expires: 2027-04-12]

/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-stable.gpg
-------------------------------------------------------
pub   rsa4096 2019-02-05 [SC] [expires: 2027-02-03]
      6D33 866E DD8F FA41 C014  3AED DCC9 EFBF 77E1 1517
uid           [ unknown] Debian Stable Release Key (10/buster) <[email protected]>

1 个回答

Voted

A.B · Answer 1 · 2019-04-29T08:36:55+08:00

ftp-master 每个版本的签名在ftp-master.debian.org中有描述：

哪个版本应该用哪个密钥签名？

稳定版本由发布时使用的 ftp-master 自动存档签名密钥和每个版本的稳定密钥签名。其他版本（提议更新、测试、测试提议更新、不稳定和实验）的发布文件仅由 ftp-master 自动密钥签名。

安全存档仅由 ftp-master 密钥签名。

当前的程序是每个版本都有一个 ftp 主密钥（以前的程序每年引入一个新密钥）。

至于 archive.org 可以追溯到（2009 年），情况就是如此，包括etch版本：

当前的程序是每个版本都有一个 ftp 主密钥（以前的程序每年引入一个新密钥）。

存档密钥

主动签名密钥

当前的 (2007/etch) 密钥可以在这里下载

它似乎与创建etchdebian-archive-keyring包有关，其中包括您删除的文件，这取决于 etch：apt

apt (0.6.46.2) unstable; urgency=low

* debian/control:
- depend on debian-archive-keyring to offer clean upgrade path
(closes:#386800)
[...]

apt 或 apttitude 或 apt-get 何时开始支持最后两个版本以用于迁移目的

存档密钥

主动签名密钥

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apt 或 apttitude 或 apt-get 何时开始支持最后两个版本以用于迁移目的

1 个回答

存档密钥

主动签名密钥

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