在我的Dell Inspiron 15 Gaming 7577机器（第 7 代 Intel，如果相关）上，运行 Linux Mint 21.1 Cinnamon.. 大约一个月后，我在更新脚本输出中看到了这个：

Command: apt-get -o APT::Get::Always-Include-Phased-Updates=true dist-upgrade
--------------------------------------
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
  shim-signed
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.

考虑到我强制更新分阶段包，以下应该没有帮助/问题：

$ apt-cache policy shim-signed
shim-signed:
  Installed: 1.51+15.4-0ubuntu9
  Candidate: 1.51.3+15.7-0ubuntu1
  Version table:
     1.51.3+15.7-0ubuntu1 500 (phased 71%)
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 Packages
 *** 1.51+15.4-0ubuntu9 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

---

是否apt开始忽略该APT::Get::Always-Include-Phased-Updates=true选项？我不知道。

任何见解都将受到重视，谢谢。

---

# apt-get --simulate install shim-signed
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 base-files : Conflicts: base-files:i386
 base-files:i386 : Conflicts: base-files
E: Error, pkgProblemResolver::Resolve generated breaks, this may be caused by held packages.

以上我只是跑来模拟更新，希望对大家有所帮助。

---

$ apt-cache policy base-files{,:i386}
base-files:
  Installed: 21.1.0
  Candidate: 21.1.0
  Version table:
 *** 21.1.0 700
        700 http://packages.linuxmint.com vera/upstream amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     12ubuntu4.3 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 Packages
     12ubuntu4 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages
base-files:i386:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: 12ubuntu4.3
  Version table:
     12ubuntu4.3 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main i386 Packages
     12ubuntu4 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main i386 Packages

@Stephen 的评论^^^

在我的 Linux Mint 21.1 Cinnamon 上，我刚刚经历了非常缓慢的启动，这在以前从未发生过：

$ systemd-analyze blame
40.890s [email protected]\x2duuid-c5da2d40\x2d42ce\x2d4193\x2d9f21\x2d08ab6de8764d.service

我刚起床，用三星 NVMe 2TB 驱动器打开我的笔记本电脑，但是启动时间很长，我去​​查看一些日志没有成功，只有上面显示了一些潜在的问题。

我现在如何调查为什么驱动器fsck花了这么长时间？它记录在某处吗？谢谢你！

---

/run/initramfs/fsck.log

Log of fsck -C -f -y -T -t ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p2 
Thu Mar  2 00:08:51 2023

e2fsck 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/nvme0n1p2: 1885079/122093568 files (0.6% non-contiguous), 179291521/488354304 blocks

Thu Mar  2 00:09:00 2023
----------------

那么什么可以解释极慢的启动呢？

---

来自评论：

正如root我执行的那样：

# pv -Wptearb </dev/nvme0n1 >/dev/null
1.82TiB 0:15:59 [1.94GiB/s] [1.94GiB/s] [==============================>] 100%

我从 Seagate 购买了一个新的 2.5 英寸外置硬盘，容量为 5TB。

现在在我的 Linux Mint 21.1 上，我需要格式化新创建的分区gdisk：

Model: Expansion HDD   
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/4096 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 52CB8F84-EFAF-4EC9-B65D-6F8541A65F53
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 9767541133
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2014 sectors (1007.0 KiB)

Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
   1            2048      9767541133   4.5 TiB     8300  Seagate_5TB_Ext4

现在可见fdisk：

Disk /dev/sdb: 4.55 TiB, 5000981077504 bytes, 9767541167 sectors
Disk model: Expansion HDD   
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 52CB8F84-EFAF-4EC9-B65D-6F8541A65F53

Device     Start        End    Sectors  Size Type
/dev/sdb1   2048 9767541133 9767539086  4.5T Linux filesystem

我想使用 Ext4 作为文件系统。

问题是，默认情况下是否有一些数据校验和，或者我是否需要明确使用一些选项：

mkfs.ext4 -O metadata_csum,64bit /dev/path/to/disk

如Ext4 元数据校验和 Linux 内核页面所述？

谢谢。

请注意，到目前为止，我对 Ext4 使用了这些命令行选项：

mkfs.ext4 -L Seagate_5TB_Ext4 -m 0 -E lazy_itable_init=0,lazy_journal_init=0 /dev/sdX

我在 Linux Mint 21 上执行的过程中出现以下警告消息apt-get update && apt-get upgrade：

W: https://repo.skype.com/deb/dists/stable/InRelease: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details.

我搜索了 Microsoft Skype 下载部分，完全没有提及它们的密钥或如何管理它们。

有针对这个的解决方法吗？

基本上，我想我需要的可能与大多数其他运行 Windows 的人想要的类似，所以让我们开始满足我的要求：

1. 以某种方式将原始磁盘（例如/dev/sda）复制到更大的介质上。就我而言，Windows 存储在 1TB SATA SSD 上，我想将其克隆为 VirtualBox VDI 格式并将其存储到我的更大的 NVMe SSD 介质上，该介质具有大约 1.5TB 的可用空间。

2. 对 VirtualBox VM 设置进行适当调整后，启动 VM。

3. 尽可能多地释放虚拟机的磁盘空间，例如卸载与虚拟机用例无关的游戏等。

4. 然后，将 VM 的磁盘缩小到最小（仅已用空间）。

我正在寻找一个内核参数，我可以在 GRUB 配置中使用它来永久禁用我新笔记本电脑的 LAN（有线以太网）卡上的EEE（节能以太网，维基百科）：

基本信息：

操作系统：Linux Mint 21.1“维拉”肉桂

# ethtool -i enp59s0 
driver: r8169
version: 5.15.0-56-generic
firmware-version: rtl8168h-2_0.0.2 02/26/15
expansion-rom-version: 
bus-info: 0000:3b:00.0
supports-statistics: yes
supports-test: no
supports-eeprom-access: no
supports-register-dump: yes
supports-priv-flags: no

---

什么有效（重启后不持久，睡眠和唤醒）：

# ethtool --set-eee enp59s0 eee off

但是，我宁愿不必为此设置 @reboot CRON。

我在正在运行的机器上尝试过的，如这里、这里和其他地方所建议的：

# sysctl -w igb.EEE=0
# sysctl -w e1000e.EEE=0
# sysctl -w r8169.EEE=0

所有这些都以错误消息结尾：

sysctl: cannot stat /proc/sys/[PARAM]/EEE: No such file or directory

非常感谢您的帮助。

我拥有一台相当旧的服务器，戴尔 PowerEdge T20，具有最新的BIOS 版本 A20，戴尔更新链接，更新屏幕，以防链接及时失效：

今天早上，当 SSH 进入这台服务器时，我收到一条消息，有一个可用的固件更新，请参阅下面的完整详细信息，它还说我可以运行：

fwupdmgr get-upgrades

获取有关它的信息，我做到了。

$ ssh-s
up 18 hours, 31 minutes

1 device has a firmware upgrade available.
Run `fwupdmgr get-upgrades` for more information.

root @ dell-poweredge-t20 /root # fwupdmgr get-upgrades
WARNING: UEFI capsule updates not available or enabled in firmware setup
  See https://github.com/fwupd/fwupd/wiki/PluginFlag:capsules-unsupported for more information.
Devices with no available firmware updates: 
 • Samsung SSD 860 PRO 256GB
 • WDC WD5000BMVU-11A08S0
PowerEdge T20
│
└─UEFI dbx:
  │   Device ID:          362301da643102b9f38477387e2193e57abaa590
  │   Summary:            UEFI Revocation Database
  │   Current version:    77
  │   Minimum Version:    77
  │   Vendor:             UEFI:Linux Foundation
  │   Install Duration:   1 second
  │   GUIDs:              c6682ade-b5ec-57c4-b687-676351208742 ← UEFI\CRT_A1117F516A32CEFCBA3F2D1ACE10A87972FD6BBE8FE0D0B996E09E65D802A503
  │                       f8ba2887-9411-5c36-9cee-88995bb39731 ← UEFI\CRT_A1117F516A32CEFCBA3F2D1ACE10A87972FD6BBE8FE0D0B996E09E65D802A503&ARCH_X64
  │   Device Flags:       • Internal device
  │                       • Updatable
  │                       • Supported on remote server
  │                       • Needs a reboot after installation
  │ 
  ├─Secure Boot dbx:
  │     New version:      217
  │     Remote ID:        lvfs
  │     Summary:          UEFI Secure Boot Forbidden Signature Database
  │     License:          Proprietary
  │     Size:             13.8 kB
  │     Created:          2020-07-29
  │     Urgency:          High
  │     Vendor:           Linux Foundation
  │     Duration:         1 second
  │     Flags:            is-upgrade
  │     Description:      
  │     This updates the dbx to the latest release from Microsoft which adds insecure versions of grub and shim to the list of forbidden signatures due to multiple discovered security updates.
  │     
  │     Before installing the update, fwupd will check for any affected executables in the ESP and will refuse to update if it finds any boot binaries signed with any of the forbidden signatures. If the installation fails, you will need to update shim and grub packages before the update can be deployed.
  │     
  │     Once you have installed this dbx update, any DVD or USB installer images signed with the old signatures may not work correctly. You may have to temporarily turn off secure boot when using recovery or installation media, if new images have not been made available by your distribution.
  │   
  ├─Secure Boot dbx:
  │     New version:      211
  │     Remote ID:        lvfs
  │     Summary:          UEFI Secure Boot Forbidden Signature Database
  │     License:          Proprietary
  │     Size:             13.5 kB
  │     Created:          2021-04-29
  │     Urgency:          High
  │     Vendor:           Linux Foundation
  │     Duration:         1 second
  │     Flags:            is-upgrade
  │     Description:      
  │     This updates the dbx to the latest release from Microsoft which adds insecure versions of grub and shim to the list of forbidden signatures due to multiple discovered security updates.
  │   
  └─Secure Boot dbx:
        New version:      190
        Remote ID:        lvfs
        Summary:          UEFI Secure Boot Forbidden Signature Database
        License:          Proprietary
        Size:             14.4 kB
        Created:          2020-07-29
        Urgency:          High
        Vendor:           Linux Foundation
        Duration:         1 second
        Flags:            is-upgrade
        Description:      
        This updates the dbx to the latest release from Microsoft which adds insecure versions of grub and shim to the list of forbidden signatures due to multiple discovered security updates.
      
root @ dell-poweredge-t20 /root # 

我从来没有用 Linux 更新过我的 BIOS/UEFI。我的第一个问题是：

这个更新究竟是为了什么而设计的？（新的 BIOS？）

其次，继续更新是否安全，是否有任何缺点/优点？

谢谢你。

笔记：

• 此服务器运行 Debian 11。

• 此计算机上禁用了安全启动。

• 作为预防措施，我在 BIOS 中禁用了UEFI 胶囊更新。

如果单击，密码和密钥别名seahorse将不会运行。

从终端启动时，出现此错误：

seahorse: error while loading shared libraries: libldap_r-2.4.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

当试图找到这样的包并可能安装它时，我得到：

$ apt-cache policy 'libldap*'
libldap2:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: (none)
  Version table:
libldap-common:
  Installed: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Candidate: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Version table:
 *** 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main i386 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3.1 500
        500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 Packages
        500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main i386 Packages
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main i386 Packages
libldap-ocaml-dev:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: 2.4.2-1build3
  Version table:
     2.4.2-1build3 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/universe amd64 Packages
libldap-dev:
  Installed: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Candidate: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Version table:
 *** 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3.1 500
        500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 Packages
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages
libldap-ocaml-dev-vpsg7:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: (none)
  Version table:
libldap-2.3-0:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: (none)
  Version table:
libldap-2.4-2:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: (none)
  Version table:
libldap-2.5-0:
  Installed: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Candidate: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Version table:
 *** 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3.1 500
        500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 Packages
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages
libldap-java:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: 5.0.0+dfsg1-1
  Version table:
     5.0.0+dfsg1-1 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/universe amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/universe i386 Packages
libldap2-dev:
  Installed: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Candidate: 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1
  Version table:
 *** 2.5.13+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main i386 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3.1 500
        500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 Packages
        500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main i386 Packages
     2.5.11+dfsg-1~exp1ubuntu3 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main i386 Packages
$ sudo apt-get --simulate install libldap-2.4-2
[sudo] password for vlastimil:                
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Package libldap-2.4-2 is not available, but is referred to by another package.
This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or
is only available from another source
However the following packages replace it:
  libldap-common

E: Package 'libldap-2.4-2' has no installation candidate
$ sudo apt-get --simulate install libldap-2.4
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'libldap-2.4-2' for regex 'libldap-2.4'
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

$ which seahorse 
/usr/local/bin/seahorse
$ whereis seahorse
seahorse: /usr/bin/seahorse /usr/local/bin/seahorse /usr/libexec/seahorse /usr/share/seahorse /usr/share/man/man1/seahorse.1.gz

所以我很自然地尝试/usr/bin/seahorse并启动并运行了它：

所以，我在下载目录中挖掘，发现：

/home/vlastimil/Downloads/seahorse/seahorse-3.31.91

时间戳为 2019-Feb-23。由 构建meson，但如何删除它？

Disney+ 突然无法在 Linux 上的 Brave（基于 Chromium）中运行，但在 Windows 上却可以

它不会播放电影或连续剧，主页可以正常播放，除了实际播放之外的所有内容。

该页面是一种颜色，如果刷新 (Ctrl+F5) 它会变为黑色。里面什么都没有。

尝试删除所有相关 cookie；尝试更新 Brave；尝试在播放时从终端启动 Brave，但没有相关消息。

我损坏的捷克文本：

NOTE ON CZECH BIRTH NUMBER VALIDATION IN CZECH LANGUAGE;
in Czechia birth number = personal identification number
========================================================
Do roku 1985 bylo pé?idá?leno cca 1000 rodnű§ch á?űŮsel, kterűŔ nejsou dá?litelnűŔ 11.
NenűŮ vylouá?eno, éƒe se v miniműŔlnűŮm poá?tu vyskytly i po tomto roce.
KorektnűŮ algoritmus je nűŔsledujűŮcűŮ:
spoá?ti zbytek po dá?lenűŮ prvnűŮch devűŮti á?űŮslic a á?űŮsla 11; je-li zbytek 10, musűŮ bű§t poslednűŮ á?űŮslice 0; jinak poslednűŮ á?űŮslice musűŮ bű§t rovna zbytku; Tedy 780123/3540 je korektnűŮ rodnű? á?űŮslo, aá?koliv nenűŮ dá?litelnű? jedenűŔcti.

最后两个单词拼写正确：dá?litelnű? jedenűŔcti = dělitelné jedenácti .

---

我找到了一个 FTFY 工具https://ftfy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/但即使使用它我也无法修复文本。

它应该是带有 BOM 的 UTF-8，我尝试使用 VI 删除 BOM；使用 Sublime Text 将我的文本重新加载到每种可能的编码中。

所以我的想法是，这个文本可能丢失了一些信息，现在无法修复？

这将是一个遗憾，因为我有更多的文字。

---

笔记：

• 不，我没有任何以前未损坏的文本，也不知道它是如何发生的。

• set | grep -E '^LC_|^LANG'：

LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LANGUAGE=en_US
LC_ADDRESS=en_US.UTF-8
LC_IDENTIFICATION=en_US.UTF-8
LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8
LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8
LC_NAME=en_US.UTF-8
LC_NUMERIC=en_US.UTF-8
LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8
LC_TELEPHONE=en_US.UTF-8
LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8

应该有什么地方cs_CZ吗？只是吐槽...

• file MainWindow.xaml.cs：

MainWindow.xaml.cs: C++ source, Unicode text, UTF-8 text

• od -t ax1 MainWindow.xaml.cs: 输出量很大，一丧葬回来就缩水了。

• LC_ALL=cs_CZ.UTF-8 head -50 '/mnt/windows/Users/vlastimil/Downloads/_DISK_D/csharp/Rodné číslo a IČ/Rodné číslo a IČ/MainWindow.xaml.cs' | grep jeden

Tedy 780123/3540 je korektnűŮ rodnű? á?űŮslo, aá?koliv nenűŮ dá?litelnű? jedenűŔcti.

LC_ALL=cs_CZ.UTF-8 head -50 '/mnt/windows/Users/vlastimil/Downloads/_DISK_D/csharp/Rodné číslo a IČ/Rodné číslo a IČ/MainWindow.xaml.cs' | grep jeden | od -t ax1

0000000   T   e   d   y  sp   7   8   0   1   2   3   /   3   5   4   0
         54  65  64  79  20  37  38  30  31  32  33  2f  33  35  34  30
0000020  sp   j   e  sp   k   o   r   e   k   t   n   E   1   E   .  sp
         20  6a  65  20  6b  6f  72  65  6b  74  6e  c5  b1  c5  ae  20
0000040   r   o   d   n   E   1   ?  sp   C   !   ?   E   1   E   .   s
         72  6f  64  6e  c5  b1  3f  20  c3  a1  3f  c5  b1  c5  ae  73
0000060   l   o   ,  sp   a   C   !   ?   k   o   l   i   v  sp   n   e
         6c  6f  2c  20  61  c3  a1  3f  6b  6f  6c  69  76  20  6e  65
0000100   n   E   1   E   .  sp   d   C   !   ?   l   i   t   e   l   n
         6e  c5  b1  c5  ae  20  64  c3  a1  3f  6c  69  74  65  6c  6e
0000120   E   1   ?  sp   j   e   d   e   n   E   1   E dc4   c   t   i
         c5  b1  3f  20  6a  65  64  65  6e  c5  b1  c5  94  63  74  69
0000140   .  nl
         2e  0a
0000142

不知道以上是什么意思，抱歉耽搁了。

[58306.633900] {1}[Hardware Error]: Hardware error from APEI Generic Hardware Error Source: 1
[58306.633905] {1}[Hardware Error]: It has been corrected by h/w and requires no further action
[58306.633907] {1}[Hardware Error]: event severity: corrected
[58306.633909] {1}[Hardware Error]:  Error 0, type: corrected
[58306.633911] {1}[Hardware Error]:  fru_text: CorrectedErr
[58306.633912] {1}[Hardware Error]:   section_type: memory error
[58306.633914] {1}[Hardware Error]:   node: 0 device: 44696
[58306.633916] {1}[Hardware Error]:   error_type: 2, single-bit ECC

这已经出现在我的带有ECC RAM的 Debian Xeon 服务器上，这是否意味着 RAM 模块正在死亡或其他类似由 SW 引起的错误？我看到其他一些帖子声称他的操作系统重新启动，而我的没有，这就是我问的原因。谢谢你。

我使用 SATA Samsung SSD 860 PRO 运行 Dell 的 Xeon 服务器。

我正在寻找一种方法来加快其启动时间。

有没有办法让我加快启动时间（ssh准确地说是可达时间）？

我可以看到一个怪物时间问题NetworkManager-wait-online.service，是这样吗？

---

我使用无限循环进行了第一次测量：

$ date; while ! ssh-s -t date; do :; done
Wed 16 Mar 2022 08:50:54 AM CET
ssh: connect to host 192.168.0.102 port 22: Connection timed out
ssh: connect to host 192.168.0.102 port 22: Connection timed out
ssh: connect to host 192.168.0.102 port 22: Connection timed out
ssh: connect to host 192.168.0.102 port 22: Connection timed out
Wed 16 Mar 2022 08:51:14 AM CET
Connection to 192.168.0.102 closed.

---

这是硬件：

# inxi --verbosity 8 --filter
System:
  Kernel: 5.10.0-12-amd64 x86_64 bits: 64 compiler: gcc v: 10.2.1 
  parameters: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-12-amd64 
  root=UUID=6eda9fbf-c86e-4e23-8587-427a06bae033 ro fsck.mode=auto fsck.repair=yes 
  ipv6.disable=1 
  Desktop: Cinnamon 4.8.6 tk: GTK 3.24.24 wm: Muffin 4.8.1 dm: LightDM 1.26.0 
  Distro: Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye) 
Machine:
  Type: Desktop System: Dell product: PowerEdge T20 v: 00 serial: <filter> Chassis: 
  type: 6 serial: <filter> 
  Mobo: Dell model: 0VD5HY v: A04 serial: <filter> UEFI: Dell v: A20 date: 08/20/2019 
Memory:
  RAM: total: 31.27 GiB used: 700.2 MiB (2.2%) 
  Array-1: capacity: 32 GiB slots: 4 EC: Single-bit ECC max module size: 8 GiB 
  note: est. 
  Device-1: DIMM3 size: 8 GiB speed: 1600 MT/s type: DDR3 detail: synchronous 
  bus width: 64 bits total: 72 bits manufacturer: Micron part-no: 18KSF1G72AZ-1G6E1 
  serial: <filter> 
  Device-2: DIMM1 size: 8 GiB speed: 1600 MT/s type: DDR3 detail: synchronous 
  bus width: 64 bits total: 72 bits manufacturer: Micron part-no: 18KSF1G72AZ-1G6E1 
  serial: <filter> 
  Device-3: DIMM4 size: 8 GiB speed: 1600 MT/s type: DDR3 detail: synchronous 
  bus width: 64 bits total: 72 bits manufacturer: Micron part-no: 18KSF1G72AZ-1G6E1 
  serial: <filter> 
  Device-4: DIMM2 size: 8 GiB speed: 1600 MT/s type: DDR3 detail: synchronous 
  bus width: 64 bits total: 72 bits manufacturer: Micron part-no: 18KSF1G72AZ-1G6E1 
  serial: <filter> 
PCI Slots:
  Slot: 1 type: x16 PCI Express 3 x16 X16 status: Available length: Long 
  Slot: 2 type: x1 PCI Express 2 x1 X1 status: In Use length: Short 
  Slot: 3 type: 32-bit PCI PCI status: Available length: Short 
  Slot: 4 type: x4 PCI Express 2 x4 X4 status: Available length: Short 
CPU:
  Info: Quad Core model: Intel Xeon E3-1225 v3 bits: 64 type: MCP arch: Haswell 
  family: 6 model-id: 3C (60) stepping: 3 microcode: 28 L1 cache: 256 KiB 
  L2 cache: 8 MiB L3 cache: 7.8 MiB bogomips: 25539 
  Speed: 866 MHz min/max: 800/3600 MHz base/boost: 3200/3800 volts: 1.2 V 
  ext-clock: 100 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 866 2: 832 3: 851 4: 846 
  Flags: abm acpi aes aperfmperf apic arat arch_perfmon avx avx2 bmi1 bmi2 bts clflush 
  cmov constant_tsc cpuid cpuid_fault cx16 cx8 de ds_cpl dtes64 dtherm dts epb ept 
  ept_ad erms est f16c flexpriority flush_l1d fma fpu fsgsbase fxsr ht ibpb ibrs ida 
  invpcid invpcid_single lahf_lm lm mca mce md_clear mmx monitor movbe msr mtrr 
  nonstop_tsc nopl nx pae pat pbe pcid pclmulqdq pdcm pdpe1gb pebs pge pln pni popcnt 
  pse pse36 pti pts rdrand rdtscp rep_good sdbg sep smep smx ss ssbd sse sse2 sse4_1 
  sse4_2 ssse3 stibp syscall tm tm2 tpr_shadow tsc tsc_adjust tsc_deadline_timer vme 
  vmx vnmi vpid x2apic xsave xsaveopt xtopology xtpr 
  Vulnerabilities: Type: itlb_multihit status: KVM: VMX disabled 
  Type: l1tf mitigation: PTE Inversion; VMX: conditional cache flushes, SMT disabled 
  Type: mds mitigation: Clear CPU buffers; SMT disabled 
  Type: meltdown mitigation: PTI 
  Type: spec_store_bypass 
  mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl and seccomp 
  Type: spectre_v1 
  mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization 
  Type: spectre_v2 
  mitigation: Retpolines, IBPB: conditional, IBRS_FW, STIBP: disabled, RSB filling 
  Type: srbds mitigation: Microcode 
  Type: tsx_async_abort status: Not affected 
Graphics:
  Device-1: Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3 Processor Integrated Graphics vendor: Dell 
  driver: i915 v: kernel bus ID: 00:02.0 chip ID: 8086:041a class ID: 0300 
  Display: server: X.Org 1.20.13 driver: loaded: modesetting unloaded: fbdev,vesa 
  display ID: localhost:10.0 screens: 1 
  Screen-1: 0 s-res: 3840x2160 s-dpi: 48 s-size: 2032x1143mm (80.0x45.0") 
  s-diag: 2331mm (91.8") 
  Monitor-1: eDP-1-1 res: 3840x2160 hz: 60 dpi: 283 size: 345x194mm (13.6x7.6") 
  diag: 396mm (15.6") 
  OpenGL: renderer: N/A v: N/A direct render: N/A 
Audio:
  Message: No Device data found. 
Network:
  Device-1: Intel Ethernet I217-LM vendor: Dell driver: e1000e v: kernel port: f080 
  bus ID: 00:19.0 chip ID: 8086:153a class ID: 0200 
  IF: eth0 state: up speed: 1000 Mbps duplex: full mac: <filter> 
  IP v4: <filter> type: noprefixroute scope: global broadcast: <filter> 
  WAN IP: <filter> 
Bluetooth:
  Message: No Bluetooth data was found. 
Logical:
  Message: No LVM data was found. 
RAID:
  Message: No RAID data was found. 
Drives:
  Local Storage: total: 238.47 GiB used: 9.23 GiB (3.9%) 
  ID-1: /dev/sda maj-min: 8:0 vendor: Samsung model: SSD 860 PRO 256GB 
  family: based SSDs size: 238.47 GiB block size: physical: 512 B logical: 512 B 
  sata: 3.1 speed: 6.0 Gb/s rotation: SSD serial: <filter> rev: 2B6Q temp: 23 C 
  scheme: GPT 
  SMART: yes state: enabled health: PASSED on: 1y 25d 1h cycles: 1044 
  written: 3.77 TiB 
  Message: No Optical or Floppy data was found. 
Partition:
  ID-1: / raw size: 237.97 GiB size: 234.11 GiB (98.38%) used: 9.22 GiB (3.9%) 
  fs: ext4 block size: 4096 B dev: /dev/sda2 maj-min: 8:2 label: N/A 
  uuid: 6eda9fbf-c86e-4e23-8587-427a06bae033 
  ID-2: /boot/efi raw size: 512 MiB size: 511 MiB (99.80%) used: 3.4 MiB (0.7%) 
  fs: vfat block size: 512 B dev: /dev/sda1 maj-min: 8:1 label: N/A uuid: 22B0-57B9 
Swap:
  Alert: No Swap data was found. 
Unmounted:
  Message: No Unmounted partitions found. 
USB:
  Hub-1: 1-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 3 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s 
  chip ID: 1d6b:0002 class ID: 0900 
  Hub-2: 1-1:2 info: Intel Integrated Rate Matching Hub ports: 6 rev: 2.0 
  speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 8087:8008 class ID: 0900 
  Hub-3: 2-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 15 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s 
  chip ID: 1d6b:0002 class ID: 0900 
  Hub-4: 3-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 3 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s 
  chip ID: 1d6b:0002 class ID: 0900 
  Hub-5: 3-1:2 info: Intel Integrated Rate Matching Hub ports: 8 rev: 2.0 
  speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 8087:8000 class ID: 0900 
  Hub-6: 4-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 6 rev: 3.0 speed: 5 Gb/s 
  chip ID: 1d6b:0003 class ID: 0900 
Sensors:
  System Temperatures: cpu: 29.8 C mobo: 27.8 C 
  Fan Speeds (RPM): N/A 
Repos:
  Packages: 2134 apt: 2131 lib: 1242 flatpak: 3 
  Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list 
  1: deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free
  2: deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
  3: deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
  4: deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
  Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list 
  1: deb [arch=amd64] https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/
  No active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list 
Processes:
  CPU top: 5 of 153 
  1: cpu: 0.3% command: init pid: 1 mem: 10.3 MiB (0.0%) 
  2: cpu: 0.1% command: lightdm-gtk-greeter pid: 606 mem: 68.9 MiB (0.2%) 
  3: cpu: 0.0% command: [kthreadd] pid: 2 mem: 0.00 MiB (0.0%) 
  4: cpu: 0.0% command: [rcu_gp] pid: 3 mem: 0.00 MiB (0.0%) 
  5: cpu: 0.0% command: [rcu_par_gp] pid: 4 mem: 0.00 MiB (0.0%) 
  Memory top: 5 of 153 
  1: mem: 68.9 MiB (0.2%) command: lightdm-gtk-greeter pid: 606 cpu: 0.1% 
  2: mem: 44.2 MiB (0.1%) command: xorg pid: 556 cpu: 0.0% 
  3: mem: 37.3 MiB (0.1%) command: goa-daemon pid: 669 cpu: 0.0% 
  4: mem: 26.2 MiB (0.0%) command: tracker-miner-fs pid: 605 cpu: 0.0% 
  5: mem: 17.4 MiB (0.0%) command: systemd-journald pid: 253 cpu: 0.0% 
Info:
  Processes: 153 Uptime: 6m wakeups: 0 Init: systemd v: 247 runlevel: 5 Compilers: 
  gcc: 10.2.1 alt: 10/4.9/6/8 Shell: Bash v: 5.1.4 running in: sshd (SSH) inxi: 3.3.01 

---

dmesg第一行+最后一行：

[Wed Mar 16 08:51:06 2022] microcode: microcode updated early to revision 0x28, date = 2019-11-12
...
[Wed Mar 16 08:51:12 2022] e1000e 0000:00:19.0 eth0: NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: Rx/Tx

---

systemd-analyze：

# systemd-analyze blame 
3.163s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
 406ms netfilter-persistent.service
 240ms dev-sda2.device
 176ms systemd-journal-flush.service
 115ms udisks2.service
 103ms exim4.service
 102ms [email protected]
 101ms accounts-daemon.service
  93ms apparmor.service
  85ms e2scrub_reap.service
  83ms systemd-udev-trigger.service
  82ms boot-efi.mount
  80ms keyboard-setup.service
  76ms plymouth-start.service
  75ms upower.service
  70ms [email protected]
  66ms smartmontools.service
  61ms systemd-journald.service
  52ms avahi-daemon.service
  51ms systemd-logind.service
  49ms ifupdown-pre.service
  45ms systemd-timesyncd.service
  41ms wpa_supplicant.service
  38ms lightdm.service
  34ms NetworkManager.service
  32ms networking.service
  32ms systemd-udevd.service
  31ms run-rpc_pipefs.mount
  29ms ssh.service
  21ms systemd-remount-fs.service
  21ms [email protected]\x2duuid-22B0\x2d57B9.service
  21ms lm-sensors.service
  19ms systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service
  16ms systemd-modules-load.service
  15ms systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
  15ms rsyslog.service
  12ms polkit.service
  12ms atd.service
  11ms [email protected]
  11ms rpcbind.service
  11ms dev-hugepages.mount
  11ms plymouth-read-write.service
  11ms dev-mqueue.mount
  11ms systemd-sysusers.service
  10ms [email protected]
  10ms sys-kernel-debug.mount
   9ms systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service
   9ms sys-kernel-tracing.mount
   9ms systemd-random-seed.service
   9ms gdomap.service
   8ms kmod-static-nodes.service
   8ms systemd-sysctl.service
   7ms [email protected]
   7ms [email protected]
   7ms [email protected]
   6ms systemd-update-utmp.service
   5ms nfs-config.service
   5ms systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service
   5ms systemd-user-sessions.service
   4ms console-setup.service
   4ms sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount
   3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
   1ms rc-local.service
   1ms plymouth-quit-wait.service

# systemd-analyze critical-chain 
The time when unit became active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit took to start is printed after the "+" character.

graphical.target @4.307s
└─multi-user.target @4.307s
  └─exim4.service @4.204s +103ms
    └─network-online.target @4.203s
      └─NetworkManager-wait-online.service @1.040s +3.163s
        └─NetworkManager.service @1.004s +34ms
          └─network-pre.target @1.004s
            └─netfilter-persistent.service @597ms +406ms
              └─local-fs.target @595ms
                └─run-user-117-gvfs.mount @1.544s
                  └─run-user-117.mount @1.373s
                    └─local-fs-pre.target @314ms
                      └─keyboard-setup.service @234ms +80ms
                        └─systemd-journald.socket @230ms
                          └─system.slice @181ms
                            └─-.slice @181ms

我刚刚尝试调整该badblocks实用程序以使用更多 RAM 并可能实现更高的性能。

我正在运行的确切命令是（没有 HDD 的 S/N）：

badblocks -v -b 4096 -c 98304 -w -s /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD5000LPCX-24C6HT0_SN >> /root/spare-hdd-badblocks.log 2>&1 &

但是，我不badblocks经常使用该工具，所以如果我可能会问...-c开关究竟做了什么，为什么建议实现更高的速度？它真的会吃更多的内存吗？如果是这样，因为我有很多，进一步增加它可能是明智的吗？

从它的手册页：

-c：块数是一次测试的块数。默认值为 64。

我不明白，我只是希望有人明白。

---

信用、数学和更多有价值信息的来源：

http://www.pantz.org/software/badblocks/badblocksusage.html

---

我的系统： Debian 11 在具有 32GB ECC RAM 的无头 Xeon 服务器上。

我刚刚阅读了iptables手册页。看来，对于conntrack模块，我应该使用/更--ctproto喜欢--protocol?

我会更好地向您展示我到目前为止使用的东西，我在某个时候迁移到ct*. 无论如何，这里是：

$ cat /etc/iptables/rules.v4 
*filter
:INPUT      DROP      [0:0]
:FORWARD    DROP      [0:0]
:OUTPUT     ACCEPT    [0:0]
--append INPUT --in-interface lo --match comment --comment "Allow loopback" --jump ACCEPT
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate INVALID --match comment --comment "Drop invalid packets" --jump DROP
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate NEW --protocol tcp ! --syn --match comment --comment "Reject new non-syn TCP" --jump REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED --protocol tcp --match tcp --destination-port 22 --source 192.168.0.0/24 --match comment --comment "Allow local SSH on default port" --jump ACCEPT
--append INPUT --protocol icmp --icmp-type echo-request --match limit --limit 2/second --limit-burst 5 --match comment --comment "Allow only ping and within limits" --jump ACCEPT
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED --match comment --comment "Normal traffic" --jump ACCEPT
COMMIT

---

因此，我尝试将其重写如下：

*filter
:INPUT      DROP      [0:0]
:FORWARD    DROP      [0:0]
:OUTPUT     ACCEPT    [0:0]
--append INPUT --in-interface lo --match comment --comment "Allow loopback" --jump ACCEPT
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate INVALID --match comment --comment "Drop invalid packets" --jump DROP
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate NEW --ctproto tcp ! --syn --match comment --comment "Reject new non-syn TCP" --jump REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate NEW,ESTABLISHED --ctproto tcp --match tcp --destination-port 22 --source 192.168.0.0/24 --match comment --comment "Allow local SSH on default port" --jump ACCEPT
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctproto icmp --icmp-type echo-request --match limit --limit 2/second --limit-burst 5 --match comment --comment "Allow only ping and within limits" --jump ACCEPT
--append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED --match comment --comment "Normal traffic" --jump ACCEPT
COMMIT

如果我尝试不同，则会出现这些以及可能的其他错误：

# iptables-restore < rules.v4-ct 
iptables-restore v1.8.4 (legacy): unknown option "--syn"
Error occurred at line: 7
Try `iptables-restore -h' or 'iptables-restore --help' for more information.
# iptables-restore < rules.v4-ct 
iptables-restore v1.8.4 (legacy): unknown option "--icmp-type"
Error occurred at line: 9
Try `iptables-restore -h' or 'iptables-restore --help' for more information.
# iptables-restore < rules.v4-ct 
iptables-restore: line 11 failed
# iptables-restore < rules.v4-ct 
Bad argument `COMMIT'
Error occurred at line: 11
Try `iptables-restore -h' or 'iptables-restore --help' for more information.

谢谢，如果你能阐明这一点。

假设我的一个便携式 shell 脚本中有以下颜色支持：

#!/bin/sh

set -o nounset

tput_init_linux () { set_fg_color='tput setaf'; reset_color=$(tput sgr0 2>/dev/null); }
tput_init_bsd   () { set_fg_color='tput AF';    reset_color=$(tput me 2>/dev/null);   }
tput_init_none  () { set_fg_color=':';          reset_color=;                         }

if tput setaf 1 >/dev/null 2>&1; then tput_init_linux || tput_init_none;
elif tput AF 1  >/dev/null 2>&1; then tput_init_bsd   || tput_init_none;
else tput_init_none; fi

no_color () { printf '%s' "$reset_color"; }

colorize ()
{
    #tput bold
    case "$1" in
        (red)     $set_fg_color 1 ;;
        (green)   $set_fg_color 2 ;;
        (yellow)  $set_fg_color 3 ;;
        (blue)    $set_fg_color 4 ;;
        (magenta) $set_fg_color 5 ;;
        (cyan)    $set_fg_color 6 ;;
        (white)   $set_fg_color 7 ;;
        (*) printf '%s\n' "[ERROR] This color ('$1') is not supported by the colorize() function. Quiting!" >&2; exit 1 ;;
    esac
}

print_ok     () { colorize green;  printf '%s' '[OK] ';        no_color; }
print_notice () { colorize cyan;   printf '%s' '[NOTICE] ';    no_color; }
print_debug  () { colorize yellow; printf '%s' '[DEBUG] ' >&2; no_color; }
print_error  () { colorize red;    printf '%s' '[ERROR] ' >&2; no_color; }

一个相当愚蠢的使用示例如下：

grub_config_file=/boot/grub/grub.cfg
readonly grub_config_file

if [ ! -f "$grub_config_file" ]; then
    print_error; printf '%s\n' "GRUB config file not found at $grub_config_file. Aborting!" >&2
    exit 1
else
    print_ok; printf '%s\n' "GRUB config file was found at $grub_config_file. Searching for Windows..."
fi

---

现在，我的问题是关于粗体文本。

具体来说，我不确定 terminfo/termcap tput bold/tput md是否可移植，如果不是，粗体文本的限制是什么？

感谢您的时间。

我很少在自己的许多机器上向 SSD 写入任何东西（大），一个例子可能是一台笔记本电脑仅用作电视观众，另一台我母亲的笔记本电脑，她仅用于银行业务。（如果重要的话，我在所有机器上都使用 Linux Mint。）

因此，每周的 TRIM 很烦人，因为它需要相当长的时间。但是如何禁用它呢？

在几个星期没有时间玩游戏之后，今天我无法启动 Steam。

我不记得系统中有比今天将我的 Mint 从版本 20.2 升级到 20.3 更大的变化 = Linux Mint 20。

---

这是dmesg片段：

$ \dmesg --human --color=auto --ctime
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] kernel BUG at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c:154!
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP PTI
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] CPU: 6 PID: 5273 Comm: steam Tainted: P           OE     5.4.0-92-generic #103-Ubuntu
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] Hardware name: Dell Inc. Inspiron 7577/0J8HMF, BIOS 1.15.0 10/08/2021
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RIP: 0010:drm_gem_private_object_init+0xa2/0xb0 [drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] Code: 00 31 c0 c1 e9 03 f3 48 ab 48 c7 43 18 00 00 00 00 48 c7 83 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5b 41 5c 5d c3 4c 89 a3 f0 00 00 00 eb b2 <0f> 0b 66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 55 48 89
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RSP: 0018:ffffa720444a7d08 EFLAGS: 00010206
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RAX: ffff906ae37ca568 RBX: ffff906ae37ca558 RCX: 0000000000000200
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RDX: 0000000000000200 RSI: ffff906ae37ca400 RDI: ffff906b2c174000
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RBP: ffffa720444a7d30 R08: ffff906ae29f7908 R09: ffff906ae29f7908
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] R10: ffff906b12cf4008 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffff906ae37ca400
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] R13: 0000000000000200 R14: ffff906b2c174000 R15: ffff906ae239f800
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff906b30380000(0063) knlGS:00000000f7821740
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] CS:  0010 DS: 002b ES: 002b CR0: 0000000080050033
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] CR2: 00000000587a3000 CR3: 0000000823210004 CR4: 00000000003606e0
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] Call Trace:
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  ? nv_drm_gem_object_init+0x54/0x60 [nvidia_drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  nv_drm_gem_import_nvkms_memory_ioctl+0xa7/0x100 [nvidia_drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  ? nv_drm_dumb_create+0x1b0/0x1b0 [nvidia_drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  drm_ioctl_kernel+0xae/0xf0 [drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  ? _nv038665rm+0xac/0x1a0 [nvidia]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  drm_ioctl+0x24a/0x3f0 [drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  ? nv_drm_dumb_create+0x1b0/0x1b0 [nvidia_drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  ? __check_object_size+0x13f/0x150
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  ? nvidia_ioctl+0x39b/0x8d0 [nvidia]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  drm_compat_ioctl+0xcb/0xe0 [drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  __ia32_compat_sys_ioctl+0x194/0x220
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  do_fast_syscall_32+0x9d/0x260
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  entry_SYSENTER_compat+0x7f/0x91
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RIP: 0023:0xf7efdb49
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] Code: c4 8b 04 24 c3 8b 14 24 c3 8b 1c 24 c3 8b 34 24 c3 8b 3c 24 c3 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 51 52 55 89 e5 0f 34 cd 80 <5d> 5a 59 c3 90 90 90 90 8d b4 26 00 00 00 00 8d b4 26 00 00 00 00
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RSP: 002b:00000000ffa2ea18 EFLAGS: 00000282 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000036
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000011 RCX: 00000000c0206441
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RDX: 00000000ffa2ead4 RSI: 0000000000000001 RDI: 000000005877af90
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RBP: 00000000f696eba4 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000000
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] Modules linked in: rfcomm ccm xt_multiport xt_owner ip6_tables cmac algif_hash algif_skcipher af_alg bnep xt_limit ipt_REJECT nf_reject_ipv4 xt_conntrack xt_tcpudp xt_length xt_comment xt_u32 iptable_filter iptable_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4 xt_mark xt_cgroup iptable_mangle iptable_raw bpfilter binfmt_misc nvidia_uvm(OE) nls_iso8859_1 joydev mei_hdcp intel_rapl_msr nvidia_drm(POE) nvidia_modeset(POE) x86_pkg_temp_thermal intel_powerclamp coretemp kvm_intel dell_laptop kvm nvidia(POE) dell_smm_hwmon dell_wmi snd_hda_codec_hdmi iwlmvm mac80211 snd_hda_codec_realtek snd_hda_codec_generic ledtrig_audio libarc4 dell_smbios dcdbas rapl snd_hda_intel snd_intel_dspcfg snd_hda_codec snd_hda_core snd_hwdep snd_pcm snd_seq_midi snd_seq_midi_event snd_rawmidi uvcvideo btusb videobuf2_vmalloc videobuf2_memops btrtl videobuf2_v4l2 btbcm snd_seq btintel videobuf2_common bluetooth videodev intel_cstate snd_seq_device mc cdc_acm ecdh_generic ecc snd_timer mxm_wmi
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022]  hid_multitouch iwlwifi input_leds serio_raw dell_wmi_descriptor wmi_bmof intel_wmi_thunderbolt cfg80211 snd processor_thermal_device soundcore intel_rapl_common ucsi_acpi mei_me typec_ucsi mei intel_soc_dts_iosf intel_pch_thermal typec int3403_thermal intel_hid int3402_thermal sparse_keymap int3400_thermal int340x_thermal_zone acpi_thermal_rel acpi_pad mac_hid sch_fq_codel msr parport_pc ppdev lp parport ip_tables x_tables autofs4 btrfs xor zstd_compress raid6_pq libcrc32c usbhid hid_generic i915 i2c_algo_bit ahci crct10dif_pclmul drm_kms_helper crc32_pclmul ghash_clmulni_intel aesni_intel syscopyarea sysfillrect sysimgblt intel_lpss_pci i2c_hid fb_sys_fops crypto_simd intel_lpss nvme cryptd r8169 idma64 glue_helper psmouse drm nvme_core i2c_i801 libahci realtek virt_dma hid wmi video
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] ---[ end trace 34d885d0821661da ]---
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RIP: 0010:drm_gem_private_object_init+0xa2/0xb0 [drm]
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] Code: 00 31 c0 c1 e9 03 f3 48 ab 48 c7 43 18 00 00 00 00 48 c7 83 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5b 41 5c 5d c3 4c 89 a3 f0 00 00 00 eb b2 <0f> 0b 66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 55 48 89
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RSP: 0018:ffffa720444a7d08 EFLAGS: 00010206
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RAX: ffff906ae37ca568 RBX: ffff906ae37ca558 RCX: 0000000000000200
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RDX: 0000000000000200 RSI: ffff906ae37ca400 RDI: ffff906b2c174000
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] RBP: ffffa720444a7d30 R08: ffff906ae29f7908 R09: ffff906ae29f7908
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] R10: ffff906b12cf4008 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffff906ae37ca400
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] R13: 0000000000000200 R14: ffff906b2c174000 R15: ffff906ae239f800
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff906b30380000(0063) knlGS:00000000f7821740
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] CS:  0010 DS: 002b ES: 002b CR0: 0000000080050033
[Fri Jan  7 19:41:33 2022] CR2: 00000000587a3000 CR3: 0000000823210004 CR4: 00000000003606e0

---

如果我steam从终端运行，我会得到：

$ steam
steam.sh[7775]: Running Steam on linuxmint 20.3 64-bit
steam.sh[7775]: STEAM_RUNTIME is enabled automatically
setup.sh[7910]: Steam runtime environment up-to-date!
steam.sh[7775]: Steam client's requirements are satisfied
$

我没有改变我的内核，但我记得通过定期更新来更新它。唯一的红线是：

kernel BUG at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c:154!

---

我现在正在运行 495.46 版本的 Nvidia 驱动程序。

---

PS：在 Windows 10 上，Steam 和游戏可以正常工作。

我只能查找这些文件，它们可能与我的任务相关，也可能不相关：

/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-reboot.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/reboot.target
/usr/lib/systemd/system/reboot.target.wants
/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-reboot.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/reboot.target.wants/plymouth-reboot.service

当前状态：

该系统是 Linux Mint 20.2 - 全新安装。

---

摘要：由于未知原因，我的一个带有新 SSD（Samsung 870 EVO，2,5" - 250GB）的硬件（联想 Z50-70）无法执行热重启，我们可以关闭这台笔记本电脑并再次启动。只是希望不能在关机菜单中意外点击重新启动。如果重新启动按钮不执行任何操作或无害，我们也会感到满意。

停电，UPS 无法保持

这一切都始于我的小服务器机房，我需要ext4在 Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye) 上使用 Gparted 缩小客户端的一个分区，(完全更新)：

然后（由于大雪，我后来被告知）发生了停电，持续了几个小时，我的 UPS 无法承受这么长时间。由于未终止的 SSH 会话，我能够制作该图像。

---

电源已恢复

灾难恢复 - 步骤 #1

现在，电源已经恢复，到目前为止我所做的是一个非常长时间的运行e2fsck，之后我试图将硬盘放回她的笔记本电脑，导致内核崩溃。预料之中，但至少我试过了。?

灾难恢复 - 步骤 #2

• 我没有为她的计算机制作任何最近的完整磁盘映像。

• 但我timeshift-gtk在她的 Linux Mint 20.2 上使用该实用程序做了一张时移快照。在你的帮助下，我想从中恢复。

灾难恢复 - 步骤 #3（部分）

我预计，做复制不能用简单的cp -R. 我可以在这个布局上安装她的主分区：

# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk model: ST1000LM014-SSHD
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: C951EEE6-27F7-475C-B000-C23F38B7A190

Device      Start        End    Sectors   Size Type
/dev/sdb1    2048     194559     192512    94M EFI System
/dev/sdb2  194560 1953523711 1953329152 931.4G Linux filesystem

最值得注意的是，我能够得到她/etc/timeshift/timeshift.json：

# cat etc/timeshift/timeshift.json

{
  "backup_device_uuid" : "70f3734c-3f99-490e-84bf-382b67a1c6bc",
  "parent_device_uuid" : "",
  "do_first_run" : "false",
  "btrfs_mode" : "false",
  "include_btrfs_home_for_backup" : "false",
  "include_btrfs_home_for_restore" : "false",
  "stop_cron_emails" : "true",
  "btrfs_use_qgroup" : "true",
  "schedule_monthly" : "false",
  "schedule_weekly" : "false",
  "schedule_daily" : "false",
  "schedule_hourly" : "false",
  "schedule_boot" : "false",
  "count_monthly" : "2",
  "count_weekly" : "3",
  "count_daily" : "5",
  "count_hourly" : "6",
  "count_boot" : "5",
  "snapshot_size" : "5819856261",
  "snapshot_count" : "306936",
  "date_format" : "%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S",
  "exclude" : [
    "+ /root/**",
    "+ /home/ruzena/**"
  ],
  "exclude-apps" : [
  ]

存储单元为：

# fdisk -l /dev/sdc

Disk /dev/sdc: 7.28 TiB, 8001563221504 bytes, 15628053167 sectors
Disk model: Expansion Desk  
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 31C6FA70-A6CD-4EBA-8DD9-D07C90FA677D

Device          Start         End    Sectors  Size Type
/dev/sdc1        2048  7814158335 7814156288  3.6T Microsoft basic data
/dev/sdc2  7814158336 15628053133 7813894798  3.6T Linux filesystem

• 请注意，我已将其设置为包罗万象。

• 我有 1 个（一个）timeshift快照日期：2021-12-05 _14-38-56，她同意这是一个令人满意的恢复日期。

---

我现在头晕目眩，请问我们可以通过一些rsync复制命令来保存她的笔记本电脑吗？（我从来没有单独使用它，所以我的尝试可能比问你要花费更多的时间。）

我将等待 2 小时后回复，提前谢谢！

我有一台带有英特尔集成显卡但主要使用 NVIDIA 的戴尔笔记本电脑。

我觉得这对我已经解决的问题很重要，原因不明。

我所做的是阅读 Reddit 和 LinuxMint 论坛，我应该添加一个奇怪的参数：

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="nouveau.modeset=0"

替换一个空白 ( GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="")。

我觉得很奇怪，因为我已经很久没有使用 Nouveau 驱动程序了，我使用的是专有驱动程序（目前是来自官方 repo 的版本 495）。

---

小滴：

$ lspci -vvv | grep -i nvidia
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP106M [GeForce GTX 1060 Mobile] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
    Kernel driver in use: nvidia
    Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia
01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP106 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)

---

我现在可以在我的 Linux Mint 20.2 上从挂起中醒来。

但是，......为什么这个解决方案有效？感谢您的任何指导！

---

仅敏感过滤的所有系统信息：

$ sudo inxi --verbosity 8 --filter

System:    Kernel: 5.4.0-91-generic x86_64 bits: 64 compiler: gcc v: 9.3.0 
           parameters: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-91-generic 
           root=UUID=f1fc7345-be7a-4c6b-9559-fc6e2d445bfa ro nouveau.modeset=0 quiet splash 
           fsck.mode=force fsck.repair=yes ipv6.disable=1 
           Desktop: Cinnamon 5.0.7 wm: muffin 5.0.2 dm: LightDM 1.30.0 Distro: Linux Mint 20.2 Uma 
           base: Ubuntu 20.04 focal 
Machine:   Type: Laptop System: Dell product: Inspiron 7577 v: N/A serial: <filter> Chassis: type: 10 
           serial: <filter> 
           Mobo: Dell model: 0J8HMF v: A00 serial: <filter> UEFI: Dell v: 1.15.0 date: 10/08/2021 
Battery:   ID-1: BAT0 charge: 29.3 Wh condition: 29.3/56.0 Wh (52%) volts: 15.8/15.2 
           model: Samsung SDI DELL W7NKD7B type: Li-ion serial: <filter> status: Full 
Memory:    RAM: total: 31.11 GiB used: 2.89 GiB (9.3%) 
           Array-1: capacity: 32 GiB slots: 2 EC: None max module size: 16 GiB note: est. 
           Device-1: DIMM A size: 16 GiB speed: 2400 MT/s type: DDR4 
           detail: synchronous unbuffered (unregistered) bus width: 64 bits total: 64 bits 
           manufacturer: 0198000080AD part-no: KHX2400C14S4/16G serial: <filter> 
           Device-2: DIMM B size: 16 GiB speed: 2400 MT/s type: DDR4 
           detail: synchronous unbuffered (unregistered) bus width: 64 bits total: 64 bits 
           manufacturer: 0198000080AD part-no: KHX2400C14S4/16G serial: <filter> 
PCI Slots: Slot: 4 type: x1 PCI Express Slot5 status: In Use length: Short 
           Slot: 5 type: x1 PCI Express Slot6 status: In Use length: Short 
           Slot: 6 type: x1 PCI Express Slot7 status: Available length: Short 
           Slot: 7 type: 32-bit PCI Slot8 status: Available length: Short 
CPU:       Topology: Quad Core model: Intel Core i7-7700HQ bits: 64 type: MT MCP arch: Kaby Lake family: 6 
           model-id: 9E (158) stepping: 9 microcode: EA L1 cache: 256 KiB L2 cache: 6144 KiB 
           L3 cache: 6144 KiB bogomips: 44798 
           Speed: 900 MHz min/max: 800/3800 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 900 2: 900 3: 900 4: 900 5: 900 
           6: 900 7: 900 8: 900 
           Flags: 3dnowprefetch abm acpi adx aes aperfmperf apic arat arch_perfmon art avx avx2 bmi1 bmi2 
           bts clflush clflushopt cmov constant_tsc cpuid cpuid_fault cx16 cx8 de ds_cpl dtes64 dtherm dts 
           epb ept ept_ad erms est f16c flexpriority flush_l1d fma fpu fsgsbase fxsr ht hwp hwp_act_window 
           hwp_epp hwp_notify ibpb ibrs ida intel_pt invpcid invpcid_single lahf_lm lm mca mce md_clear 
           mmx monitor movbe mpx msr mtrr nonstop_tsc nopl nx pae pat pbe pcid pclmulqdq pdcm pdpe1gb pebs 
           pge pln pni popcnt pse pse36 pti pts rdrand rdseed rdtscp rep_good sdbg sep smap smep ss ssbd 
           sse sse2 sse4_1 sse4_2 ssse3 stibp syscall tm tm2 tpr_shadow tsc tsc_adjust tsc_deadline_timer 
           vme vmx vnmi vpid x2apic xgetbv1 xsave xsavec xsaveopt xsaves xtopology xtpr 
           Vulnerabilities: Type: itlb_multihit status: KVM: Split huge pages 
           Type: l1tf mitigation: PTE Inversion; VMX: conditional cache flushes, SMT vulnerable 
           Type: mds mitigation: Clear CPU buffers; SMT vulnerable 
           Type: meltdown mitigation: PTI 
           Type: spec_store_bypass mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl and seccomp 
           Type: spectre_v1 mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization 
           Type: spectre_v2 
           mitigation: Full generic retpoline, IBPB: conditional, IBRS_FW, STIBP: conditional, RSB filling 
           Type: srbds mitigation: Microcode 
           Type: tsx_async_abort status: Not affected 
Graphics:  Device-1: Intel HD Graphics 630 vendor: Dell driver: i915 v: kernel bus ID: 00:02.0 
           chip ID: 8086:591b 
           Device-2: NVIDIA GP106M [GeForce GTX 1060 Mobile] vendor: Dell driver: nvidia v: 495.44 
           bus ID: 01:00.0 chip ID: 10de:1c20 
           Display: server: X.Org 1.20.11 driver: modesetting,nvidia unloaded: fbdev,nouveau,vesa 
           resolution: 3840x2160~60Hz 
           OpenGL: renderer: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design/PCIe/SSE2 v: 4.6.0 NVIDIA 495.44 
           direct render: Yes 
Audio:     Device-1: Intel CM238 HD Audio vendor: Dell driver: snd_hda_intel v: kernel bus ID: 00:1f.3 
           chip ID: 8086:a171 
           Device-2: NVIDIA GP106 High Definition Audio vendor: Dell driver: snd_hda_intel v: kernel 
           bus ID: 01:00.1 chip ID: 10de:10f1 
           Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.4.0-91-generic 
Network:   Device-1: Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet vendor: Dell driver: r8169 
           v: kernel port: d000 bus ID: 3b:00.0 chip ID: 10ec:8168 
           IF: enp59s0 state: down mac: <filter> 
           Device-2: Intel Wireless 8265 / 8275 driver: iwlwifi v: kernel port: d000 bus ID: 3c:00.0 
           chip ID: 8086:24fd 
           IF: wlp60s0 state: up mac: <filter> 
           IP v4: <filter> type: noprefixroute scope: global broadcast: <filter> 
           WAN IP: <filter> 
Drives:    Local Storage: total: 1.38 TiB used: 650.94 GiB (46.2%) 
           ID-1: /dev/nvme0n1 vendor: Toshiba model: KXG50ZNV512G NVMe 512GB size: 476.94 GiB block size: 
           physical: 512 B logical: 512 B speed: 31.6 Gb/s lanes: 4 serial: <filter> rev: AADA4107 
           temp: 27 C scheme: GPT 
           SMART: yes health: PASSED on: 2y 134d 6h cycles: 2,512 read-units: 71,563,628 [36.6 TB] 
           written-units: 47,533,411 [24.3 TB] 
           ID-2: /dev/sda vendor: Samsung model: SSD 870 QVO 1TB size: 931.51 GiB block size: 
           physical: 512 B logical: 512 B sata: 3.3 speed: 6.0 Gb/s serial: <filter> rev: 2B6Q temp: 22 C 
           scheme: GPT 
           SMART: yes state: enabled health: PASSED on: 72d 5h cycles: 279 written: 1.95 TiB 
           Message: No Optical or Floppy data was found. 
RAID:      Message: No RAID data was found. 
Partition: ID-1: / raw size: 476.85 GiB size: 468.36 GiB (98.22%) used: 291.75 GiB (62.3%) fs: ext4 
           block size: 4096 B dev: /dev/nvme0n1p2 label: N/A uuid: f1fc7345-be7a-4c6b-9559-fc6e2d445bfa 
           ID-2: /boot/efi raw size: 94.0 MiB size: 92.5 MiB (98.44%) used: 5.2 MiB (5.6%) fs: vfat 
           block size: 512 B dev: /dev/nvme0n1p1 label: N/A uuid: 4966-E925 
           ID-3: /mnt/windows raw size: 930.34 GiB size: 930.34 GiB (100.00%) used: 359.18 GiB (38.6%) 
           fs: ntfs block size: 4096 B dev: /dev/sda3 label: windows10 uuid: 01D480EF7EDA45C0 
           ID-4: /snap/bare/5 raw size: 4 KiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop0 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-5: /snap/core/11798 raw size: 99.4 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop1 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-6: /snap/core/11993 raw size: 99.4 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop2 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-7: /snap/core18/2246 raw size: 55.5 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop3 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-8: /snap/core18/2253 raw size: 55.5 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop4 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-9: /snap/core20/1169 raw size: 61.8 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop8 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-10: /snap/core20/1242 raw size: 61.8 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop16 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-11: /snap/gimp/372 raw size: 276.7 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop11 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-12: /snap/gimp/380 raw size: 277.0 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs 
           dev: /dev/loop15 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-13: /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/145 raw size: 162.9 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop12 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-14: /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/161 raw size: 164.8 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop17 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-15: /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/76 raw size: 242.3 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop5 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-16: /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/87 raw size: 247.9 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop13 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-17: /snap/gtk-common-themes/1515 raw size: 65.1 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop10 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-18: /snap/gtk-common-themes/1519 raw size: 65.2 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop14 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-19: /snap/gtk2-common-themes/13 raw size: 140 KiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop7 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-20: /snap/gtk2-common-themes/9 raw size: 132 KiB size: N/A (hidden?) used: N/A (hidden?) 
           fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop6 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-21: /snap/kde-frameworks-5-core18/32 raw size: 260.7 MiB size: N/A (hidden?) 
           used: N/A (hidden?) fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop9 label: N/A uuid: N/A 
Unmounted: ID-1: /dev/sda1 size: 500.0 MiB fs: vfat label: ESP uuid: 889B-32CC 
           ID-2: /dev/sda2 size: 128.0 MiB fs: N/A label: N/A uuid: N/A 
           ID-3: /dev/sda4 size: 571.7 MiB fs: ntfs label: N/A uuid: 01D78D23F78B6B00 
USB:       Hub: 1-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 16 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 1d6b:0002 
           Hub: 1-1:2 info: Terminus Hub ports: 4 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 1a40:0101 
           Device-1: 1-1.3:4 info: Logitech M105 Optical Mouse type: Mouse driver: hid-generic,usbhid 
           interfaces: 1 rev: 2.0 speed: 1.5 Mb/s chip ID: 046d:c077 
           Device-2: 1-4:3 info: Intel type: Bluetooth driver: btusb interfaces: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s 
           chip ID: 8087:0a2b 
           Device-3: 1-8:5 info: Shenzhen Goodix Fingerprint Reader type: Abstract (modem),CDC-Data 
           driver: cdc_acm interfaces: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s chip ID: 27c6:5301 serial: <filter> 
           Device-4: 1-12:6 info: Microdia Integrated_Webcam_HD type: Video driver: uvcvideo interfaces: 2 
           rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 0c45:6a08 
           Hub: 2-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 8 rev: 3.0 speed: 5 Gb/s chip ID: 1d6b:0003 
Sensors:   System Temperatures: cpu: 44.0 C mobo: 41.0 C sodimm: 31.0 C gpu: nvidia temp: 44 C 
           Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 0 
Repos:     No active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list 
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/brave-browser-release.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com/ stable main
           No active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cloudflare-client.list 
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-develop.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] https://download.mono-project.com/repo/ubuntu vs-bionic main
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list 
           1: deb http://packages.linuxmint.com uma main upstream import backport #id:linuxmint_main
           2: deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal main restricted universe multiverse
           3: deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
           4: deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
           5: deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
           6: deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ focal partner
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/signal.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/signal-desktop-keyring.gpg] https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial main
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/speedtest.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] https://packagecloud.io/ookla/speedtest-cli/ubuntu/ focal main
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/spotify.list 
           1: deb http://repository.spotify.com stable non-free
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/steam.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64,i386] https://repo.steampowered.com/steam/ stable steam
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/teamviewer.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] https://linux.teamviewer.com/deb stable main
           No active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list 
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vivaldi.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] http://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb/ stable main
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list 
           1: deb [arch=amd64] http://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable main
           Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/wine.list 
           1: deb https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/ focal main
Processes: CPU top: 5 
           1: cpu: 5.0% command: brave pid: 28871 mem: 347.9 MiB (1.0%) 
           2: cpu: 3.4% command: brave pid: 29271 mem: 162.8 MiB (0.5%) 
           3: cpu: 3.0% command: brave pid: 28905 mem: 184.3 MiB (0.5%) 
           4: cpu: 2.6% command: brave pid: 29048 mem: 172.6 MiB (0.5%) 
           5: cpu: 2.0% command: brave pid: 29021 mem: 138.0 MiB (0.4%) 
           Memory top: 5 
           1: mem: 531.6 MiB (1.6%) command: gnome-software pid: 5594 cpu: 0.1% 
           2: mem: 372.5 MiB (1.1%) command: xorg pid: 1454 cpu: 0.2% 
           3: mem: 347.9 MiB (1.0%) command: brave pid: 28871 cpu: 5.0% 
           4: mem: 301.0 MiB (0.9%) command: cinnamon pid: 4658 cpu: 0.2% 
           5: mem: 184.3 MiB (0.5%) command: brave pid: 28905 cpu: 3.0% 
Info:      Processes: 301 Uptime: 12h 24m Init: systemd v: 245 runlevel: 5 Compilers: gcc: 9.3.0 
           alt: 10/7/8/9 Shell: bash (sudo) v: 5.0.17 running in: gnome-terminal inxi: 3.0.38

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附带说明：我有许多 Optimus 笔记本电脑（英特尔 + NVIDIA），而我的主要戴尔是唯一需要这个才能让 Suspend 工作的笔记本电脑。

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加分要求：100 加分将添加到尽力而为的答案中 - 不需要完美，只需挖掘并回避我错过的任何内容，并可能解释此 GRUB2 修改工作。