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Nicholas Saunders's questions

Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2023-12-21 07:19:31 +0800 CST
  • 5

如何配置 slrn 以便使用 nano 作为编辑器？

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ grep vim .slrnrc 
%set editor_command "vim -c %d '%s'"
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ grep nano .slrnrc
%set editor_command "nano -c %d '%s'"
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ slrn --version
slrn 1.0.3
S-Lang Library Version: 2.3.3
    * Note: This program was compiled against version 2.3.2.
Operating System: Linux

COMPILE TIME OPTIONS:
 Backends: +nntp +slrnpull +spool
 External programs / libs: +canlock +inews +ssl +uudeview +iconv
 Features: +decoding +emphasized_text +end_of_thread +fake_refs +gen_msgid
    -grouplens -msgid_cache +piping +rnlock +spoilers -strict_from
 Using 64 bit integers for article numbers.

DEFAULTS:
 Default server object:     nntp
 Default posting mechanism: nntp
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ lsb_release 
No LSB modules are available.
nicholas@mordor:~$

该文档对此并没有过于具体：

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/slrn

只是说可以做到。

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2023-12-15 21:48:25 +0800 CST
  • 5

如何确定下面的端口 25 上正在运行什么？

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ ss -tlpn sport 25
State                   Recv-Q                  Send-Q                                   Local Address:Port                                    Peer Address:Port                  Process                  
LISTEN                  0                       100                                          127.0.0.1:25                                           0.0.0.0:*                                              
LISTEN                  0                       100                                              [::1]:25                                              [::]:*                                              
nicholas@mordor:~$

我可以使用某种方式追踪这个吗ps？

在以下背景下：

fetchmail 在哪里存储邮件？

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2023-06-10 22:35:27 +0800 CST
  • 7

如何从 snap 安装 OpenJDK，以便从 CLI 获得 javac 和 java？

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ snap list
Name                       Version           Rev    Tracking         Publisher      Notes
bare                       1.0               5      latest/stable    canonical✓     base
chromium                   113.0.5672.126    2477   latest/stable    canonical✓     -
core18                     20230503          2751   latest/stable    canonical✓     base
core20                     20230503          1891   latest/stable    canonical✓     base
core22                     20230531          750    latest/stable    canonical✓     base
cups                       2.4.2-5           872    latest/stable    openprinting✓  -
firefox                    111.0.1-2         2517   latest/stable/…  mozilla✓       -
gnome-3-38-2004            0+git.6f39565     140    latest/stable    canonical✓     -
gnome-42-2204              0+git.587e965     102    latest/stable/…  canonical✓     -
gtk-common-themes          0.1-81-g442e511   1535   latest/stable/…  canonical✓     -
openjdk                    20.0.1+9          1349   latest/stable    jgneff         -
snap-store                 41.3-71-g709398e  959    latest/stable/…  canonical✓     -
snapd                      2.59.4            19361  latest/stable    canonical✓     snapd
snapd-desktop-integration  0.9               83     latest/stable/…  canonical✓     -
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ openjdk.java -version
openjdk version "20.0.1" 2023-04-18
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 20.0.1+9-snap)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 20.0.1+9-snap, mixed mode, sharing)
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ java --version
Command 'java' not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install openjdk-17-jre-headless  # version 17.0.7+7~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04, or
sudo apt install default-jre              # version 2:1.17-74
sudo apt install openjdk-11-jre-headless  # version 11.0.19+7~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04
sudo apt install openjdk-20-jre-headless  # version 20.0.1+9~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04
sudo apt install openjdk-8-jre-headless   # version 8u372-ga~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04
sudo apt install openjdk-18-jre-headless  # version 18.0.2+9-2ubuntu1
sudo apt install openjdk-19-jre-headless  # version 19.0.2+7-0ubuntu4
sudo apt install openjdk-21-jre-headless  # version 21~14ea~us1-0ubuntu1
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ javac --version
Command 'javac' not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install openjdk-17-jdk-headless  # version 17.0.7+7~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04, or
sudo apt install default-jdk              # version 2:1.17-74
sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk-headless  # version 11.0.19+7~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04
sudo apt install openjdk-20-jdk-headless  # version 20.0.1+9~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04
sudo apt install openjdk-8-jdk-headless   # version 8u372-ga~us1-0ubuntu1~23.04
sudo apt install ecj                      # version 3.32.0+eclipse4.26-2
sudo apt install openjdk-18-jdk-headless  # version 18.0.2+9-2ubuntu1
sudo apt install openjdk-19-jdk-headless  # version 19.0.2+7-0ubuntu4
sudo apt install openjdk-21-jdk-headless  # version 21~14ea~us1-0ubuntu1
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 23.04
Release:    23.04
Codename:   lunar
nicholas@mordor:~$

也可以看看：

https://stackoverflow.com/q/67469925/4531180

https://snapcraft.io/install/openjdk/ubuntu

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2023-05-20 20:03:12 +0800 CST
  • 5

钱包 GUI是如何monero启动的？

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ apt search monero
Sorting... Done
Full Text Search... Done
monero/jammy,now 0.17.2.0+~0+20200826-1ubuntu4 amd64 [installed]
  cryptocoin client for Monero network - daemon and tools

monero-tests/jammy 0.17.2.0+~0+20200826-1ubuntu4 amd64
  cryptocoin client for Monero network - testsuite

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
Release:    22.04
Codename:   jammy
nicholas@mordor:~$

上面的包允许运行monero-wallet-cli，但不幸的是没有相应的包monero-wallet-gui。

apt
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2022-07-01 05:58:33 +0800 CST
  • 1

在收到邀请时，雷鸟中缺少“接受和拒绝”按钮的上下文中，其中部分答案解释了：

使用配置编辑器，只需设置 calendar.google.enableEmailInvitations为 true。您可能还希望设置calendar.google.sendEventNotifications为 false 以避免发送新事件而不是通知的旧错误的可能性；我没有测试过这个。然后，重新启动雷鸟。

如何calendar.google.enableEmailInvitations切换到true？

应该有一个选项可以打开Preferences，然后选择“高级”，它要么从提出问题时开始更改，要么我根本没有看到它。

thunderbird
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-09-11 18:18:31 +0800 CST
  • 0

鉴于此查询：

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ dig  TXT  _dmarc.cisco.com

; <<>> DiG 9.16.8-Ubuntu <<>> TXT _dmarc.cisco.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 3976
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;_dmarc.cisco.com.      IN  TXT

;; ANSWER SECTION:
_dmarc.cisco.com.   1238    IN  TXT "v=DMARC1; p=quarantine; pct=0; fo=1; ri=3600; rua=mailto:cisco@rua.agari.com,mailto:ynldvgsr@ag.dmarcian.com; ruf=mailto:cisco@ruf.agari.com,mailto:ynldvgsr@fr.dmarcian.com;"

;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53)
;; WHEN: Fri Sep 10 19:21:51 PDT 2021
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 231

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ uname -a
Linux mordor 5.11.0-34-generic #36-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 26 19:22:09 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
nicholas@mordor:~$

如何知道DMARC思科的记录是否存在？

更好的是，没有记录的反例是DMARC什么？这样的查询结果会有什么不同？

如果该Answer部分缺少以下条目：

;; ANSWER SECTION:
_dmarc.cisco.com.   1238    IN  TXT "v=DMARC1; p=quarantine; pct=0; fo=1; ri=3600; rua=mailto:cisco@rua.agari.com,mailto:ynldvgsr@ag.dmarcian.com; ruf=mailto:cisco@ruf.agari.com,mailto:ynldvgsr@fr.dmarcian.com;"

那么有缺失的DMARC记录吗？

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-09-09 16:04:29 +0800 CST
  • 0

快速搜索mxtoolbox.com节目：

Category    Host    Result  
dmarc   example.com     No DMARC Record found    More Info
spf     example.com     No SPF Record found      More Info
mx      example.com     No DMARC Record found    More Info
mx      example.com     DMARC Quarantine/Reject policy not enabled   More Info
dns     example.com     SOA Expire Value out of recommended range    More Info

对于特定域（显然不是“example.com”）。

我看到要查找DMARC记录，例如，使用 dig 的语法如下：

dig TXT  _dmarc.example.com

但是记录的存在是如何DMARC建立的dig呢？

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-07-28 14:42:47 +0800 CST
  • 4

当它从下面安装时，我将如何阅读该man页面？calibreflatpak

nicholas@gondor:~$ 
nicholas@gondor:~$ flatpak info com.calibre_ebook.calibre

calibre - The one stop solution to all your e-book needs

          ID: com.calibre_ebook.calibre
         Ref: app/com.calibre_ebook.calibre/x86_64/stable
        Arch: x86_64
      Branch: stable
     Version: 5.23.0
     License: GPL-3.0
      Origin: flathub
  Collection: org.flathub.Stable
Installation: system
   Installed: 360.9 MB
     Runtime: org.freedesktop.Platform/x86_64/20.08
         Sdk: org.freedesktop.Sdk/x86_64/20.08

      Commit: 13464e660f35716a725261af4b45d3abc199a3ce52ebdd9ee887c7ae623b5873
      Parent: 4f7f3b603f31cc781caf8260f887118a1bb466748891c9e122826728e25d3eed
     Subject: Update calibre-5.22.1-x86_64.txz to 5.23.0 (9184a3f3)
        Date: 2021-07-11 19:56:21 +0000
nicholas@gondor:~$ 
nicholas@gondor:~$ flatpak --version
Flatpak 1.8.2
nicholas@gondor:~$ 
nicholas@gondor:~$ man calibre
No manual entry for calibre
nicholas@gondor:~$

我看到的搜索结果是关于如何使用flatpak自己的，这只是间接的问题。毫无疑问，这些man页面在系统本身上。

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-07-22 02:45:15 +0800 CST
  • 0

如何读取或访问TRAVERSE下面的环境变量？

nicholas@gondor:~$ 
nicholas@gondor:~$ printenv | grep PATH
WINDOWPATH=2
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin
nicholas@gondor:~$ 
nicholas@gondor:~$ printenv | grep TRAVERSE
nicholas@gondor:~$ 
nicholas@gondor:~$ cat /etc/environment
PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin"



TRAVERSE="/home/nicholas/some_directory"
nicholas@gondor:~$

我跑了source ~/.bashrc，没有结果。我希望如果我要重新启动该变量将是可读的，但这似乎很极端。

也可以看看：

https://stackoverflow.com/q/39296472/4531180

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-07-09 13:25:54 +0800 CST
  • 1

应该有足够的空间：

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo df -h
Filesystem                 Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs                      1.6G  2.6M  1.6G   1% /run
/dev/mapper/vgubuntu-root   72G   68G     0 100% /
tmpfs                      7.8G   16K  7.8G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                      5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs                      4.0M     0  4.0M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2                  512M  7.9M  505M   2% /boot/efi
tmpfs                      1.6G  1.7M  1.6G   1% /run/user/1000
tmpfs                      1.6G  892K  1.6G   1% /run/user/1001
tmpfs                      1.6G  940K  1.6G   1% /run/user/1004
nicholas@mordor:~$

我只看过/dev/sda2而不是上面 100% 使用的“根”。

刚刚启动alpine电子邮件客户端后，我在收件箱中保存（即下载）五封电子邮件，我得到了：

                                       [Error writing scratch file: No space left on device]
? Help                < FldrList            P PrevMsg               - PrevPage          D Delete              R Reply               
O OTHER CMDS          > [ViewMsg]           N NextMsg             Spc NextPage          U Undelete            F Forward

这很奇怪。运行du -sh需要相当长的时间，以下是目前的结果：

root@mordor:/# 
root@mordor:/# pwd
/
root@mordor:/# 
root@mordor:/# du -sh *
0   bin
169M    boot
4.0K    cdrom
16K dev
17M etc
54G home
0   lib
0   lib32
0   lib64
0   libx32
16K lost+found
8.0K    media
4.0K    mnt
4.0K    opt
du: cannot access 'proc/114024/task/114024/fd/4': No such file or directory
du: cannot access 'proc/114024/task/114024/fdinfo/4': No such file or directory
du: cannot access 'proc/114024/fd/3': No such file or directory
du: cannot access 'proc/114024/fdinfo/3': No such file or directory
0   proc
34M root
du: cannot access 'run/user/1004/doc': Permission denied
du: cannot access 'run/user/1004/gvfs': Permission denied
du: cannot access 'run/user/1001/gvfs': Permission denied
du: cannot access 'run/user/1000/doc': Permission denied
du: cannot access 'run/user/1000/gvfs': Permission denied
6.0M    run
0   sbin
6.3G    snap
4.0K    srv
0   sys
13M tmp
7.0G    usr
6.9G    var
You have new mail in /var/mail/root
root@mordor:/# 
root@mordor:/# whoami
root
root@mordor:/#

我在目录中以root身份运行/。

我认为引导分区配置不正确，并以某种方式与根目录混淆（？）。

partitioning
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-07-02 09:04:58 +0800 CST
  • 0

参考：

https://comp.mail.pine.narkive.com/UcMK4NZG/suppress-master-password-prompt

如何抑制主密码提示？如果没有记错的话，这确实是可能的。我记得，该文件被“某种”解密，然后重新创建，使其不再加密......但我无法找到说明。

For Copyright information press "?"
Enter password of key <MasterPassword> to unlock password file:                                                                     
                                                                                                                                    
^C Cancel             Ret Accept

具体文件是：

nicholas@gondor:~$ 
nicholas@gondor:~$ ls -alh .pine-passfile 
-rw------- 1 nicholas nicholas 855 Jul  2 09:55 .pine-passfile
nicholas@gondor:~$

有一个过程可以删除这个文件的密码，这样 alpine 客户端仍然可以使用文件中的密码，但不会提示用户输入文件本身的主密码。

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-04-22 23:45:29 +0800 CST
  • 0

在以下情况下：

sudo dd if=/storeM/os-dvd.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=8M
sudo dd if=/storeM/bootdisk.img of=/dev/sdc

从：

Linux：将 DVD ISO 复制到空硬盘/分区并像 DVD 一样启动？

将Ubuntu写入外部硬盘驱动器的特定dd命令是什么？ISO

外部SATA硬盘驱动器与USB适配器连接。

只需要一个dd命令，还是在这种情况下需要两个命令？除了 r/w 速度之外，USB这里的拇指驱动器与hdd事实上的驱动器之间是否存在功能区别SATA？

目标是从外部硬盘启动并在内部硬盘驱动器上安装 Ubuntu。（这台电脑运行的是 16.x，所以寻找一个全新的安装。）

从：

dd命令创建硬盘的可启动iso映像

看起来，也许，在编写之前mkisofs必须先在外部硬盘上使用——但我不确定。SATAISO

在连接外部硬盘之前，输出lsblk：

NAME                  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                    11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  
sda                     8:0    0   149G  0 disk 
├─sda2                  8:2    0     1K  0 part 
├─sda5                  8:5    0 148.5G  0 part 
│ ├─ubuntu--vg-swap_1 253:1    0     8G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
│ └─ubuntu--vg-root   253:0    0 140.5G  0 lvm  /
└─sda1                  8:1    0   487M  0 part /boot

之后：

NAME                  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdf                     8:80   0 335.4G  0 disk 
├─sdf5                  8:85   0     4G  0 part 
├─sdf1                  8:81   0 331.4G  0 part /media/nicholas/3e798148-4333-4add-ba6c-f4272c17263e
└─sdf2                  8:82   0     1K  0 part 
sr0                    11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  
sda                     8:0    0   149G  0 disk 
├─sda2                  8:2    0     1K  0 part 
├─sda5                  8:5    0 148.5G  0 part 
│ ├─ubuntu--vg-swap_1 253:1    0     8G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
│ └─ubuntu--vg-root   253:0    0 140.5G  0 lvm  /
└─sda1                  8:1    0   487M  0 part /boot

所以sdf应该与dd? 或者sdf1也许？

而且，应该先卸载驱动器吗？我看到提到这一点，但这没有任何意义，因为这样就无法写入驱动器。

我正在查看的命令是：

sudo umount /dev/sdf1

dd bs=4M if=/home/nicholas/Downloads/ubuntu-20.10-desktop-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdf1 status=progress

虽然umount看起来有点奇怪。

运行上述命令后，我尝试了hd<letter><num>和hd<letter>，无法从外部硬盘启动。

从控制台，外部硬盘：

$ 
$ ls /media/nicholas/Ubuntu\ 20.10\ amd64/
boot  boot.catalog  casper  dists  EFI  install  md5sum.txt  pics  pool  preseed  README.diskdefines  ubuntu
$ 
$ head /media/nicholas/Ubuntu\ 20.10\ amd64/md5sum.txt 
b465ba8b742fd78bbc4ebe723cfaa6f4  ./dists/groovy/main/binary-amd64/Release
2e5d62033421377dcb2139c3fe3747bf  ./dists/groovy/main/binary-amd64/Packages.gz
8ce3f65089cccda8e73740147e72f75e  ./dists/groovy/main/binary-i386/Release
316c3582e4e7e6c1f4849c6ec289eae5  ./dists/groovy/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz
5b4060ef05e943ae4e897cd3fc61f68c  ./dists/groovy/restricted/binary-amd64/Release
d1005d9afd8a9535834e19cc0e643b28  ./dists/groovy/restricted/binary-amd64/Packages.gz
653b1f1c47f3ac060482837c958f729d  ./dists/groovy/restricted/binary-i386/Release
25184f6e9eebacaadf48da80cbe3407a  ./dists/groovy/restricted/binary-i386/Packages.gz
222742d7b5141bab6293eee4b2d42308  ./dists/groovy/Release
46c924df68103249edd11811a272b50a  ./dists/groovy/Release.gpg
$ 
$ lsblk
NAME                  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb                     8:16   0 335.4G  0 disk 
├─sdb2                  8:18   0   4.9M  0 part 
├─sdb3                  8:19   0   300K  0 part 
└─sdb1                  8:17   0   2.8G  0 part /media/nicholas/Ubuntu 20.10 amd64
sr0                    11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  
sda                     8:0    0   149G  0 disk 
├─sda2                  8:2    0     1K  0 part 
├─sda5                  8:5    0 148.5G  0 part 
│ ├─ubuntu--vg-swap_1 253:1    0     8G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
│ └─ubuntu--vg-root   253:0    0 140.5G  0 lvm  /
└─sda1                  8:1    0   487M  0 part /boot
$

所以，当然dd写了一些东西到SATA驱动器。但也许mkisofs必须在 dd 之前使用？

boot
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2021-02-09 14:34:57 +0800 CST
  • 0

如何calibre从bash控制台开始？

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ com.calibre_ebook.calibre
com.calibre_ebook.calibre: command not found
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ calibre

Command 'calibre' not found, but can be installed with:

sudo apt install calibre

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ flatpak list
Name                                         Application ID                            Version        Branch      Installation
Calibre                                      com.calibre_ebook.calibre                 5.4.2          stable      system
Freedesktop Platform                         org.freedesktop.Platform                  20.08.1.2      20.08       system
default                                      org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                      19.08       system
default                                      org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                      20.08       system
Intel                                        org.freedesktop.Platform.VAAPI.Intel                     19.08       system
Intel                                        org.freedesktop.Platform.VAAPI.Intel                     20.08       system
openh264                                     org.freedesktop.Platform.openh264         2.1.0          2.0         system
FeedReader                                   org.gnome.FeedReader                      2.11.0         stable      system
GNOME Application Platform version 3.36      org.gnome.Platform                                       3.36        system
nicholas@mordor:~$

在这里，calibre从上面安装。flatpak

command-line
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2020-11-15 10:56:54 +0800 CST
  • 0

显然清除和/或重新安装mysql并mariadb可能导致冲突，因此尝试：

root@mordor:~# 
root@mordor:~# sudo apt purge mariadb-server mariadb-client mysql-client mysql-server
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Package 'mysql-client' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'mysql-server' is not installed, so not removed
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  mariadb-client* mariadb-server*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 2 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
After this operation, 20.5 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
(Reading database ... 181581 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing mariadb-client (1:10.4.17+maria~focal) ...
Removing mariadb-server (1:10.4.17+maria~focal) ...
root@mordor:~# 
root@mordor:~# 
root@mordor:~# rm -rf  /var/lib/mysql
root@mordor:~# 
root@mordor:~# sudo apt install mariadb-client mariadb-server
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  mariadb-client mariadb-server
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/6252 B of archives.
After this operation, 20.5 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Selecting previously unselected package mariadb-client.
(Reading database ... 181576 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../mariadb-client_1%3a10.4.17+maria~focal_all.deb ...
Unpacking mariadb-client (1:10.4.17+maria~focal) ...
Selecting previously unselected package mariadb-server.
Preparing to unpack .../mariadb-server_1%3a10.4.17+maria~focal_all.deb ...
Unpacking mariadb-server (1:10.4.17+maria~focal) ...
Setting up mariadb-client (1:10.4.17+maria~focal) ...
Setting up mariadb-server (1:10.4.17+maria~focal) ...
root@mordor:~# 
root@mordor:~# mariadb
ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' (2)
root@mordor:~# 
root@mordor:~# systemctl status mariadb.service
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.4.17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
    Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/mariadb.service.d
             └─migrated-from-my.cnf-settings.conf
     Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sat 2020-11-14 10:43:31 PST; 1h 23min ago
       Docs: man:mysqld(8)
             https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
   Main PID: 90075 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
     Status: "MariaDB server is down"

Nov 14 10:43:29 mordor systemd[1]: Starting MariaDB 10.4.17 database server...
Nov 14 10:43:29 mordor mysqld[90075]: 2020-11-14 10:43:29 0 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld (mysqld 10.4.17-MariaDB-1:10.4.17+maria~focal-l>
Nov 14 10:43:29 mordor mysqld[90075]: 2020-11-14 10:43:29 0 [Warning] Could not increase number of max_open_files to more than 1638>
Nov 14 10:43:29 mordor mysqld[90075]: 2020-11-14 10:43:29 0 [Warning] Changed limits: max_open_files: 16384  max_connections: 500 (>
Nov 14 10:43:31 mordor systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Nov 14 10:43:31 mordor systemd[1]: mariadb.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Nov 14 10:43:31 mordor systemd[1]: Failed to start MariaDB 10.4.17 database server.
root@mordor:~#

我该如何开始mariadb？我可以再次清除它，但这只是一个循环。

password apt database mariadb sockets
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2020-11-15 01:07:01 +0800 CST
  • 4

认识到这基本上是一个常见问题解答：

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo apt --fix-broken install
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo apt autoremove
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo dpkg --get-selections | grep hold
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 mariadb-server : Depends: mariadb-server-10.3 (>= 1:10.3.25-0ubuntu0.20.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo apt upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo apt update
Hit:1 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:2 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease
Hit:3 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease
Hit:4 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
All packages are up to date.
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 mariadb-server : Depends: mariadb-server-10.3 (>= 1:10.3.25-0ubuntu0.20.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
nicholas@mordor:~$

但是我如何找出持有或损坏的东西？

还：

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo apt-get install -f
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ sudo dpkg --configure -a
nicholas@mordor:~$

来源：

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 20.04 LTS _Focal Fossa_ - Release amd64 (20200423)]/ focal main restricted

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main restricted
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security universe
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security multiverse
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security multiverse

# This system was installed using small removable media
# (e.g. netinst, live or single CD). The matching "deb cdrom"
# entries were disabled at the end of the installation process.
# For information about how to configure apt package sources,
# see the sources.list(5) manual.
nicholas@mordor:~$

政策：

nicholas@mordor:~$ 
nicholas@mordor:~$ apt policy
Package files:
 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     release a=now
 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security/multiverse amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-security,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=multiverse,b=amd64
     origin security.ubuntu.com
 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security/universe i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-security,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=i386
     origin security.ubuntu.com
 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security/universe amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-security,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=amd64
     origin security.ubuntu.com
 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security/restricted i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-security,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=restricted,b=i386
     origin security.ubuntu.com
 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security/restricted amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-security,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=restricted,b=amd64
     origin security.ubuntu.com
 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security/main i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-security,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=main,b=i386
     origin security.ubuntu.com
 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security/main amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-security,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=main,b=amd64
     origin security.ubuntu.com
 100 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-backports,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 100 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-backports,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=multiverse,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=multiverse,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=restricted,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=restricted,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=main,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal-updates,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=main,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=multiverse,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=multiverse,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=universe,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/restricted i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=restricted,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/restricted amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=restricted,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main i386 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=main,b=i386
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
 500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
     release v=20.04,o=Ubuntu,a=focal,n=focal,l=Ubuntu,c=main,b=amd64
     origin ca.archive.ubuntu.com
Pinned packages:
nicholas@mordor:~$
package-management administration log apt held-packages
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2020-09-07 19:42:38 +0800 CST
  • 2

鉴于当前如何安装桌面客户端Jitsi不会很好地安装？apt

上面提到了使用不稳定的回购。

这些方向至少对另一个无效：

Jitsi
Download
Development
Documentation
    Support and Custom Development

要使用我们的 debian/ubuntu 稳定存储库：

将 Jitsi 存储库密钥安装到您的系统上

wget -qO - https://download.jitsi.org/jitsi-key.gpg.key | sudo apt-key 添加 -

使用存储库创建 sources.list.d 文件

sudo sh -c "echo 'deb https://download.jitsi.org stable/' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-stable.list"

更新您的包裹清单

sudo apt-get -y 更新

安装 Jitsi

sudo apt-get -y 安装 jitsi

添加两个回购：

nicholas $ 
nicholas $  wget -qO - https://download.jitsi.org/jitsi-key.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
OK
nicholas $ 
nicholas $  sudo sh -c "echo 'deb https://download.jitsi.org stable/' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-stable.list"
nicholas $ 
nicholas $  sudo sh -c "echo 'deb https://download.jitsi.org unstable/' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-unstable.list"
nicholas $

注释掉稳定的仓库并更新：

nicholas $ 
nicholas $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-stable.list 
#deb https://download.jitsi.org stable/
nicholas $ 
nicholas $ sudo apt update
Hit:1 https://download.jitsi.org unstable/ InRelease
Hit:2 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal InRelease                  
Hit:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease
Hit:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease
Hit:5 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease
Hit:6 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
214 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
nicholas $

然后尝试安装：

nicholas $ 
nicholas $ sudo apt install jitsi
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 jitsi : Depends: libavformat57 but it is not installable or
                  libavformat-ffmpeg56 but it is not installable
         Depends: libavcodec57 but it is not installable or
                  libavcodec-extra57 but it is not installable or
                  libavcodec-ffmpeg56 but it is not installable or
                  libavcodec-ffmpeg-extra56 but it is not installable
         Depends: libavfilter6 but it is not installable or
                  libavfilter-extra6 but it is not installable or
                  libavfilter-ffmpeg5 but it is not installable
         Depends: libavutil55 but it is not installable or
                  libavutil-ffmpeg54 but it is not installable
         Depends: libswscale4 but it is not installable or
                  libswscale-ffmpeg3 but it is not installable
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
nicholas $

然后具有未满足的依赖关系。哦，不稳定的回购：

nicholas $ 
nicholas $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-unstable.list 
deb https://download.jitsi.org unstable/
nicholas $

https://desktop.jitsi.org/Main/DebianRepository.html

Both `universe` and `multiverse` are enabled as:

nicholas $ 
nicholas $ 
nicholas $ sudo add-apt-repository universe
'universe' distribution component is already enabled for all sources.
nicholas $ 
nicholas $ sudo add-apt-repository multiverse
'multiverse' distribution component is already enabled for all sources.
nicholas $ 
nicholas $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list


#deb http://ag-projects.com/ubuntu focal main 

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner

#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 20.04 LTS _Focal Fossa_ - Release amd64 (20200423)]/ focal main restricted

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
#deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
#deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
#deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
#deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
#deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
#deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
#deb http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner

#deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main restricted
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main restricted
#deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security universe
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security universe
#deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security multiverse
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security multiverse

# This system was installed using small removable media
# (e.g. netinst, live or single CD). The matching "deb cdrom"
# entries were disabled at the end of the installation process.
# For information about how to configure apt package sources,
# see the sources.list(5) manual.
nicholas $
software-installation apt voip sip asterisk
Martin Hope
Nicholas Saunders
Asked: 2020-09-05 19:41:15 +0800 CST
  • 0

有什么区别：

sudo su -

和

su -i

哪一个比另一个更受欢迎？

   -, -l, --login
          Start the shell as a login shell with an environment similar to a real login:

             o      clears all the environment variables except TERM and variables specified by --whitelist-environment

             o      initializes the environment variables HOME, SHELL, USER, LOGNAME, and PATH

             o      changes to the target user's home directory

             o      sets argv[0] of the shell to '-' in order to make the shell a login shell

和

   su - run a command with substitute user and group ID

页面摘录man su。

command-line bash root sudo users