问题[raid](ubuntu)

过去两年，我一直使用在本指南的帮助下创建的 raid 5 阵列作为 NAS 。但最近我不得不更换该系统的主板，因为之前的主板停止工作了。我的系统中有 1 个 nvme 和 3 个 hdd。Nvme用作系统驱动器，3个hdd用作raid存储。更换主板后，系统可以正常启动进入操作系统（无需全新安装 Ubuntu）。但问题是 raid 阵列不再起作用。
我不知道如何恢复这个阵列的 Linux 系统。我已经尝试过的事情；

只需从头开始重建阵列即可恢复数据。我全新安装了 OMV 并使用 gui 擦除了 3 个硬盘。然后创建一个新的 raid 5 阵列并开始重新同步。重新同步完成后，可以再次访问文件。

sudo mdadm --assemble /dev/md/NAS:0 /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc 输出；

mdadm：无法在 /dev/sda 上组装 mbr 元数据
mdadm：/dev/sda 没有超级块 - 组装中止*

*此输出与 sda、sdb 和 sdc 相同

cat /proc/mdstat

输出;

个性：[线性] [多路径] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
未使用的设备：无

lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,FSTYPE,TYPE,MOUNTPOINT

输出;

名称 大小 FSTYPE 类型 安装点
loop0 4K squashfs 循环/snap/bare/5loop1
9.6M squashfs 循环/snap/canonical-livepatch/235loop2
9.6M squashfs 循环/snap/canonical-livepatch/246loop3
105.8M squashfs 循环/snap/core /16202
循环4 105.8M 南瓜文件系统循环 /snap/core/16091
循环5 63.5M 南瓜文件系统循环 /snap/core20/2015
循环6 63.9M 南瓜文件系统循环 /snap/core20/2105
循环7 74.1M 南瓜文件系统循环 /snap/core22/1033
循环8 245.9M 南瓜文件系统循环/snap/firefox/3600
循环9 73.9M squashfs 循环/snap/core22/864
循环10 246M squashfs 循环/snap/firefox/3626
循环11 349.7M squashfs 循环/snap/gnome-3-38-2004/143
循环12 349.7M squashfs 循环/snap/gnome-3-38-2004/140
循环13 496.9M squashfs 循环/snap/gnome-42-2204/132
循环14 497M 南瓜fs 循环/snap/gnome-42-2204/141
循环15 81.3M 南瓜fs 循环/snap/gtk-common-themes/1534
循环16 45.9M 南瓜fs 循环/snap/snap-store/638
循环17 91.7M 南瓜fs 循环/snap/gtk -common-themes/1535
循环18 12.3M 南瓜循环/snap/snap-store/959 循环
19 40.4M 南瓜循环/snap/snapd/20671
循环20 40.9M 南瓜循环/snap/snapd/20290
循环21 452K 南瓜循环/snap/snapd-桌面集成/83
sda 3.6T zfs_member 磁盘
├─sda1 128M 部分
└─sda2 3.6T ext4 部分
sdb 3.6T zfs_member 磁盘
├─sdb1 128M 部分
└─sdb2 3.6T 部分
sdc 3.6T zfs_member 磁盘
├─sdc1 128M 部分
└─sdc2 3.6T 部分
nvme0n1 11 9.2G盘
├─ nvme0n1p1 512M vfat 部分 /boot/efi
└─nvme0n1p2 118.7G ext4 部分 /

cat /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf

输出;

mdadm.conf
！注意！更新此文件后运行 update-initramfs -u。
！注意！这将确保 initramfs 具有最新的副本。

有关此文件的信息，请参阅 mdadm.conf(5)。

默认情况下（内置），扫描所有分区 (/proc/partitions) 和所有
容器中的 MD 超级块。或者，指定要扫描的设备，
如果需要，可以使用通配符。
DEVICE 分区容器

自动将新阵列标记为属于本地系统
HOMEHOST（系统）

指示监控守护程序向何处发送邮件警报
MAILADDR

现有 MD 阵列的根定义

此配置于 2022 年 3 月 17 日星期四 16:19:20 自动生成+0530 由 mkconf
数组 /dev/md/NAS:0 元数据=1.2 名称=NAS:0 UUID=e1965c11:b3f7c3db:68417477:2663bfbf

sudo mount /dev/md/NAS:0 /mnt/md0

输出;

挂载：/mnt/md0：错误的选项；对于多个文件系统（例如 nfs、cifs），您可能需要 /sbin/mount.(type) 帮助程序。

sudo fsck.ext4 -v /dev/sda2

输出;

e2fsck 1.46.5（2021 年 12 月 30 日）
ext2fs_check_desc：损坏的组描述符：inode 位图的坏块
fsck.ext4：组描述符看起来很糟糕...正在尝试备份块...
fsck.ext4：超级块中的坏幻数使用备份
blocksfsck.ext4时：返回到原始超级块
超级块有一个无效的日志（inode 8）。
清除？是
*** 日志已被删除 ***
文件系统大小（根据超级块）是 1953443072 块
设备的物理大小是 976721408 块
超级块或分区表可能已损坏！
中止？是
/dev/sda2: ***** 文件系统已修改 *****

我已经中止了上述过程。我应该继续吗？

我有一个 4TB 硬盘驱动器，我将该硬盘驱动器安装在 /var 中，以便能够存储和备份生产服务器，我想出了创建 RAID 1 的想法，为此我请求了另一个 4TB 硬盘驱动器虽然不是来自相同的品牌和型号，但我认为它会工作......

我想创建一个 RAID 1 而不会丢失已存储的数据...但是我发现的信息并不像人们想要的那样完整...

更新：我smartctl为所有驱动器添加了简短测试的输出。一个似乎正在产生错误，但整体测试已经通过。

几天前，我使用 4 个 4TB 硬盘驱动器设置了一个新的软件 RAID10 (mdadm)。根据 和 的输出mdadm -d，cat /proc/mdstat所有 RAID 设备都运行正常。但是，我马上就注意到，创建目录等操作大约需要几秒钟的时间。

重新同步也需要非常长的时间（自 10 月 25 日开始运行，但只有 10% 已同步）。

最后，从今天开始，我在访问已安装的驱动器阵列时遇到了问题。当cd我使用 tab 自动完成驱动器根目录的路径时，使用 shell 时会挂起。在df -h将 RAID 阵列挂载为 Samba 共享的远程主机上使用时，我在一两分钟后收到消息“主机已关闭”或“资源暂时不可用”。

$ sudo mdadm -D /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Mon Oct 25 20:18:15 2021
        Raid Level : raid10
        Array Size : 7813769216 (7451.79 GiB 8001.30 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 3906884608 (3725.90 GiB 4000.65 GB)
      Raid Devices : 4
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

     Intent Bitmap : Internal

       Update Time : Fri Oct 29 05:24:29 2021
             State : active, resyncing
    Active Devices : 4
   Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 0

            Layout : near=2
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : bitmap

     Resync Status : 10% complete

              Name : i7-harvester:1  (local to host i7-harvester)
              UUID : eb089c26:4b9b1dc7:7d9481f9:69e5a3df
            Events : 42562

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8       17        0      active sync set-A   /dev/sdb1
       1       8       33        1      active sync set-B   /dev/sdc1
       2       8       49        2      active sync set-A   /dev/sdd1
       3       8       65        3      active sync set-B   /dev/sde1

（注意以前报告的速度mdstat在 3000k 左右，但从今天开始下降到 3K/秒）

$ cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md1 : active raid10 sde1[3] sdd1[2] sdc1[1] sdb1[0]
      7813769216 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 near-copies [4/4] [UUUU]
      [==>..................]  resync = 10.7% (837141440/7813769216) finish=33547280.3min speed=3K/sec
      bitmap: 53/59 pages [212KB], 65536KB chunk

df在远程系统上

$ df -h
df: /mnt/data: Resource temporarily unavailable
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root        59G   13G   44G  22% /
devtmpfs        1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs           1.9G  8.0K  1.9G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           1.9G  202M  1.7G  11% /run
tmpfs           5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs           1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1  253M   49M  204M  20% /boot
/dev/sda1       1.8T  131G  1.6T   8% /mnt/nas

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.11.0-38-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Hitachi/HGST Ultrastar 7K4000
Device Model:     HGST HUS724040ALA640
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 22bf6d532
Add. Product Id:  DELL(tm)
Firmware Version: MFAOAB50
User Capacity:    4.000.787.030.016 bytes [4,00 TB]
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Form Factor:      3.5 inches
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 3.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Sat Oct 30 09:11:05 2021 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82) Offline data collection activity
                                        was completed without error.
                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                                        without error or no self-test has ever
                                        been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection:                (   24) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:                    (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                        Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new
                                        command.
                                        Offline surface scan supported.
                                        Self-test supported.
                                        No Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                        Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                                        power-saving mode.
                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                                        General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time:        (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:        ( 533) minutes.
SCT capabilities:              (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
                                        SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
                                        SCT Feature Control supported.
                                        SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x000b   100   100   016    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  2 Throughput_Performance  0x0004   138   138   000    Old_age   Offline      -       75
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0007   127   127   024    Pre-fail  Always       -       609 (Average 607)
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       30
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   100   100   005    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x000a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  8 Seek_Time_Performance   0x0004   140   140   000    Old_age   Offline      -       26
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0012   092   092   000    Old_age   Always       -       62287
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       30
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1473
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0012   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1473
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0002   157   157   000    Old_age   Always       -       38 (Min/Max 18/47)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0022   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0008   100   100   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x000a   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
223 Load_Retry_Count        0x000a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       265905350843
242 Total_LBAs_Read         0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       1599707339787

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     62275         -
# 2  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     61911         -
# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%        12         -
# 4  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%        12         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdc
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.11.0-38-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Hitachi/HGST Ultrastar 7K4000
Device Model:     HGST HUS724040ALA640
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 23dc4c637
Add. Product Id:  DELL(tm)
Firmware Version: MFAOAB50
User Capacity:    4.000.787.030.016 bytes [4,00 TB]
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Form Factor:      3.5 inches
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 3.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Sat Oct 30 09:13:13 2021 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82) Offline data collection activity
                                        was completed without error.
                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                                        without error or no self-test has ever
                                        been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection:                (   24) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:                    (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                        Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new
                                        command.
                                        Offline surface scan supported.
                                        Self-test supported.
                                        No Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                        Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                                        power-saving mode.
                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                                        General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time:        (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:        ( 553) minutes.
SCT capabilities:              (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
                                        SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
                                        SCT Feature Control supported.
                                        SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x000b   100   100   016    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  2 Throughput_Performance  0x0004   139   139   000    Old_age   Offline      -       73
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0007   125   125   024    Pre-fail  Always       -       624 (Average 611)
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       27
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   100   100   005    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x000a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  8 Seek_Time_Performance   0x0004   138   138   000    Old_age   Offline      -       27
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0012   093   093   000    Old_age   Always       -       50333
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       27
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       380
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       380
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0002   162   162   000    Old_age   Always       -       37 (Min/Max 20/46)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0022   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0008   100   100   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x000a   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
223 Load_Retry_Count        0x000a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       186666664018
242 Total_LBAs_Read         0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       1482419943771

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     50321         -
# 2  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     49927         -
# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%        11         -
# 4  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%        11         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdd
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.11.0-38-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Western Digital Red
Device Model:     WDC WD40EFRX-68WT0N0
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 2b6822d7f
Firmware Version: 82.00A82
User Capacity:    4.000.787.030.016 bytes [4,00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    5400 rpm
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ACS-2 (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Sat Oct 30 09:14:05 2021 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x00) Offline data collection activity
                                        was never started.
                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                                        without error or no self-test has ever
                                        been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection:                (51720) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:                    (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                        Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new
                                        command.
                                        Offline surface scan supported.
                                        Self-test supported.
                                        Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                        Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                                        power-saving mode.
                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                                        General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time:        (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:        ( 517) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time:        (   5) minutes.
SCT capabilities:              (0x703d) SCT Status supported.
                                        SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
                                        SCT Feature Control supported.
                                        SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   200   200   051    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0027   209   177   021    Pre-fail  Always       -       6508
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   098   098   000    Old_age   Always       -       2532
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   200   200   140    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002e   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   060   060   000    Old_age   Always       -       29367
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       21
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       15
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   196   196   000    Old_age   Always       -       14465
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   115   097   000    Old_age   Always       -       37
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x0008   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 2
        CR = Command Register [HEX]
        FR = Features Register [HEX]
        SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
        SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
        CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
        CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
        DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
        DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
        ER = Error register [HEX]
        ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.

Error 2 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 28742 hours (1197 days + 14 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  10 51 10 e0 32 1e e0  Error: IDNF at LBA = 0x001e32e0 = 1979104

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  ca 00 10 e0 32 1e e0 08   3d+00:35:32.256  WRITE DMA
  ca 00 08 00 29 0c e0 08   3d+00:35:32.245  WRITE DMA
  ca 00 08 c0 0f 19 e0 08   3d+00:35:32.234  WRITE DMA
  ca 00 40 a8 44 1f e0 08   3d+00:35:32.175  WRITE DMA

Error 1 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 28670 hours (1194 days + 14 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  10 51 08 80 06 4c e0  Error: IDNF at LBA = 0x004c0680 = 4982400

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  ca 00 08 80 06 4c e0 08  13d+13:29:55.786  WRITE DMA
  b0 d0 01 00 4f c2 00 08  13d+13:29:47.191  SMART READ DATA
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 00 08  13d+13:29:47.191  IDENTIFY DEVICE

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     29354         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sde
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.11.0-38-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Seagate Desktop HDD.15
Device Model:     ST4000DM000-1F2168
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 05070b3a5
Firmware Version: CC52
User Capacity:    4.000.787.030.016 bytes [4,00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    5900 rpm
Form Factor:      3.5 inches
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 1.5 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Sat Oct 30 09:15:01 2021 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
See vendor-specific Attribute list for marginal Attributes.

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82) Offline data collection activity
                                        was completed without error.
                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                                        without error or no self-test has ever
                                        been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection:                (  623) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:                    (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                                        Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new
                                        command.
                                        Offline surface scan supported.
                                        Self-test supported.
                                        Conveyance Self-test supported.
                                        Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                                        power-saving mode.
                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                                        General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time:        (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:        ( 540) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time:        (   2) minutes.
SCT capabilities:              (0x1085) SCT Status supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x000f   111   099   006    Pre-fail  Always       -       33492856
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0003   093   091   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   100   100   020    Old_age   Always       -       256
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   100   100   010    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x000f   067   060   030    Pre-fail  Always       -       5757534
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   092   092   000    Old_age   Always       -       7873
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0013   100   100   097    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   020    Old_age   Always       -       131
183 Runtime_Bad_Block       0x0032   087   087   000    Old_age   Always       -       13
184 End-to-End_Error        0x0032   100   100   099    Old_age   Always       -       0
187 Reported_Uncorrect      0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
188 Command_Timeout         0x0032   099   087   000    Old_age   Always       -       1002 1042 1081
189 High_Fly_Writes         0x003a   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022   066   045   045    Old_age   Always   In_the_past 34 (Min/Max 25/36)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate      0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       101
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   090   090   000    Old_age   Always       -       21749
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   034   055   000    Old_age   Always       -       34 (0 1 0 0 0)
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0010   100   100   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x003e   199   194   000    Old_age   Always       -       790247
240 Head_Flying_Hours       0x0000   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       1330h+40m+55.940s
241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0000   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       39004091013
242 Total_LBAs_Read         0x0000   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       16225042845

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%      7861         -
# 2  Short offline       Interrupted (host reset)      90%      7762         -
# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         0         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

我不知道如何进行故障排除或修复（我是 RAID 的新手），所以任何帮助将不胜感激。

我自己有 1 个 4TB 驱动器，它已经很满了，现在我有 2 个额外的 4TB 驱动器，我想在 raid5 配置中使用这三个驱动器和某种软件 raid，比如 lvm 或 zfs。

但是在制作阵列时，我没有任何地方可以保留原始驱动器中的数据。是否可以使新卷保留现有数据？或者，是否可以先用2个磁盘做一个raid5，复制数据，然后添加原始驱动器？

我的系统全部安装在一对较旧的 NVMe 驱动器上，并且今天有一对新的 PCIe 4.0 驱动器上市。我的主板将支持所有四个驱动器。有没有办法克隆大小相等的数组？在安装我转换为工作站的 Ubuntu 服务器时使用 MDADM 创建。

！！解决了 ！！

您好我正在尝试创建一个 md 软件 RAID5。

首先是一些信息 发行商 ID：Ubuntu 描述：Ubuntu 20.10 发行版：20.10 代号：groovy

mdadm - v4.1 - 2018-10-01

该命令工作正常：

 mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde

但由于某种原因，它开始恢复，大约会。需要 1.5 小时左右。我可以通过执行 cat /proc/mdstat 看到这一点。磁盘是全新的。

这正常吗？

我最近买了一台新的笔记本电脑，一台 Acer Nitro 5，配备第 10 代 Intel i7 处理器的最新型号，以及一张 Nvidia GTX 卡（普通钻头）。

我遇到了一个问题，Ubuntu 给了我 Intel RST 禁用错误，为此有各种论坛提供了各种方法来帮助我解决这个问题。

所有这些都涉及一个共同的步骤 - 将 SATA 模式更改为 AHCI。现在我面临的问题是我的 BIOS 不允许我更改我的 SATA 模式配置。它目前显示选项“Optane with RAID”，我无法以任何可能的方式更改它。

我还尝试更改为管理员模式，这使我能够更改快速启动选项。这也没有帮助我更改 SATA 选项。

如果有人可以帮助我如何进行此操作，那就太好了。因为我无法以任何方式安装 Linux，所以我所有的工作都停滞了。我已附上 BIOS 映像以确保没有其他小障碍出现。

这是显示的

第二个标签

第三个标签

第 4 个选项卡

第 5 个选项卡

我有一台带有 UEFI BIOS 的机器。我想在 RAID 1 上安装带有 LVM 的 Ubuntu 20.04 桌面，因此即使其中一个驱动器发生故障，我的系统也将继续工作。我还没有找到一个HOWTO。20.04 桌面安装程序支持 LVM 但不支持 RAID。这个问题的答案描述了 18.04 的过程。但是，20.04 不提供备用服务器安装程序。这个问题和这个问题的答案描述了 RAID 但不是 LVM 或 UEFI。有没有人有一个适用于 20.04 的进程，在 UEFI 机器的 RAID 1 之上使用 LVM？

我在双启动 Windows 10 Alienware 笔记本电脑上安装了 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS。起初，现场 Ubuntu 安装程序无法检测到里面的 SSD，所以我将 SATA 配置从 RAID ON 更改为 AHCI。之后我可以毫无问题地安装 Ubuntu。

但是，由于更改为 AHCI，现在 Windows 10 无法启动并显示 INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE。幸运的是，即使在安装 Ubuntu 之后，我也能够通过将 SATA 配置更改回 RAID ON 来启动 Windows 10。然后我按照此处编写的步骤将“存储控制器”从 Intel 更改为 Microsoft。最后，我在启动选项中改回 AHCI。

后来，我还在 Ubuntu 上安装了Boot Repair 工具，认为它会解决这个问题。但是，我仍然无法登录 Windows 10。

请问有什么办法吗？

我有一个家庭媒体服务器，目前在使用 mdadm 的 Raid5 中有 4 个 4TB 驱动器。目前这给了我 12TB 的空间，而且几乎用完了。我想增加更多空间，但想使用更大的驱动器。我计划最终在 Raid5 中拥有 3 个 12TB 驱动器，但不想一次性花那么多钱。

我想知道以下途径是否可行；

1. 购买并安装单个 12TB 驱动器并创建一个 8TB 分区和一个 4TB 分区。
2. 将现有数据的 8TB 复制到 8 TB 分区，将剩余的 4TB 复制到新的 4TB 分区。
3. 使用 LVM 将 4TB 驱动器组合成 2 个 8TB 逻辑卷。
4. 使用 mdadm 将我的一个物理 8TB 和 2 个逻辑 8TB 卷组合成一个 16TB RAID5 阵列（保留物理 8TB 驱动器上的数据）。
5. 将另一个分区上的 4TB 数据复制到新的 RAID 卷中，留下 4TB 的空间。
6. 当我快要填满这个时（可能从现在开始超过一年或更长时间）购买 2 个新的 12TB 驱动器，在每个驱动器上创建 8TB 分区，将 RAID 移动到 3 个 12TB 驱动器，然后将分区增加到 12TB，创建一个 24TB RAID5驾驶

这行得通吗？

任何人都有更聪明的方法来做到这一点，而不仅仅是现在购买 3 个驱动器？