我的系统全部安装在一对较旧的 NVMe 驱动器上，并且今天有一对新的 PCIe 4.0 驱动器上市。我的主板将支持所有四个驱动器。有没有办法克隆大小相等的数组？在安装我转换为工作站的 Ubuntu 服务器时使用 MDADM 创建。
在此处的帮助下解决了我的图形问题后：新华硕 Z590 主板上的空白（无信号）显示
并帮助其他人：UnclaImed display in ubuntu 21.04 with Rocket Lake
我的 11900k “powersave” governor (cpupower) 有问题，只允许最大 4.7ghz。如果我使用 cpupower-gui 手动将其更改为“性能”，我可以使用 s-tui 在重型 AVX 上时钟高达 5.3ghz 和 5.1，就像我的主板设置的那样。
有没有办法“修复”内置在这个 oem 内核中的省电调速器，以在省电模式下实现最大速度？因为在性能模式下，它不断地加速到超过 5ghz 并且运行得更热。我到处搜索微码无济于事。我对修改内核一无所知。
旁注：我将在单独的线程中提问：iperf 显示我的 2.5gb NIC 仅以千兆位速度运行，测试已知 2.5gb 连接（与其他 PC 全速工作）。
似乎我们需要一些来自英特尔的实际 linux 驱动程序，有什么用？
更新以添加 inxi 输出：
CPU: 8-Core 11th Gen Intel Core i9-11900K (-MT MCP-)
speed/min/max: 3726/800/5300 MHz Kernel: 5.10.0-1023-oem x86_64 Up: 1h
05m
Mem: 1485.8/64079.5 MiB (2.3%) Storage: 11.94 TiB (12.7% used) Procs:
369
Shell: bash 5.0.17 inxi: 3.0.38
^^^ 存储输出也很奇怪，只显示我的硬件 RAID 阵列而不是我的 3 个 NVMe 驱动器
更新：我安装了内核 5.12。最初我以为我无法启动它，直到我将一根显示器电缆移到我的独立 GPU 上。它在板载图形上启动，然后只显示一个闪烁的光标，然后连接 gpu 的监视器接管单个监视器桌面。CPU调速器速度仍然存在同样的问题，并且仍然没有2.5G以太网。
更新 2：根据 Doug Smythies 的请求在 Grub 更改之前：
grep . /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/*
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/hwp_dynamic_boost:0
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/max_perf_pct:100
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/min_perf_pct:15
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo:0
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/num_pstates:46
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/status:active
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/turbo_pct:40
Grub 更改后：
chris@pc-01:~$ grep . /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_m*
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu10/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu10/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu11/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu11/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu12/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu12/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu13/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu13/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu14/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu14/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu15/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu15/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu1/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu1/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu2/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu2/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu3/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu3/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu5/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu5/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu6/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu6/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu7/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu7/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu8/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu8/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu9/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq:5300000
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu9/cpufreq/scaling_min_freq:800000
在 grub 更新之后：
chris@pc-01:~$ grep . /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/*
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/hwp_dynamic_boost:0
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/max_perf_pct:100
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/min_perf_pct:15
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo:0
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/num_pstates:46
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/status:active
/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/turbo_pct:40
s-tui 没有变化。我用 systemctl 做了一些事情来强制它启动到性能模式。我记得禁用了按需。性能模式报告 5000mhz，根据我的重 AVX BIOS 设置正确，节电仍为 4700mhz
cpupower频率信息的输出
chris@pc-01:~$ sudo cpupower frequency-info
analyzing CPU 0:
driver: intel_pstate
CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
maximum transition latency: Cannot determine or is not supported.
hardware limits: 800 MHz - 5.30 GHz
available cpufreq governors: performance powersave
current policy: frequency should be within 800 MHz and 5.30 GHz.
The governor "powersave" may decide which speed to use
within this range.
current CPU frequency: Unable to call hardware
current CPU frequency: 2.20 GHz (asserted by call to kernel)
boost state support:
Supported: yes
Active: yes
涡轮增压器输出：
chris@pc-01:~$ sudo turbostat --Summary --quiet --show
Busy% Bzy_MHz IRQ PkgTmp PkgWatt GFXWatt RAMWatt PKG_%
0.37 5176 40647 32 21.14 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.37 5165 40647 33 21.26 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.37 5157 39663 32 21.19 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.36 5163 39501 33 21.27 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.37 5168 41354 32 21.17 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.38 5161 42241 32 21.37 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.39 5167 5869 33 21.51 0.01 0.00 0.00
chris@pc-01:~$ sudo turbostat --Summary --quiet --show
Busy% Bzy_MHz IRQ PkgTmp PkgWatt GFXWatt RAMWatt PKG_%
1.07 1393 42633 31 17.42 0.01 0.00 0.00
1.06 1435 43711 32 17.52 0.01 0.00 0.00
1.08 1397 41036 32 17.41 0.01 0.00 0.00
1.08 1389 41864 32 17.40 0.01 0.00 0.00
1.16 1390 19255 33 17.48 0.01 0.00 0.00
所以我在闲置时花费了 4 瓦。没什么大不了的，但我仍然想修复它。
此外，我的 turbo_pct 应该大约为 51 才正确。似乎不是我能找到的改变它的方法。也许内核将我的 CPU 视为非 K 版本？像 11900 而不是 11900k 但是当我检查 hwinfo 之类的东西时它显示 11900k
Powersave turbostat 不安静：
chris@pc-01:~$ sudo turbostat --Summary --show
Busy%,Bzy_MHz,IRQ,PkgWatt,PkgTmp,RAMWatt,GFXWatt,PKG_%
turbostat version 20.09.30 - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
CPUID(0): GenuineIntel 0x1b CPUID levels; 0x80000008 xlevels;
family:model:stepping 0x6:a7:1 (6:167:1)
CPUID(1): SSE3 MONITOR SMX EIST TM2 TSC MSR ACPI-TM HT TM
CPUID(6): APERF, TURBO, DTS, PTM, HWP, HWPnotify, HWPwindow, HWPepp,
HWPpkg, EPB
cpu4: MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE: 0x00850089 (TCC EIST MWAIT PREFETCH TURBO)
CPUID(7): No-SGX
CPUID(0x15): eax_crystal: 2 ebx_tsc: 292 ecx_crystal_hz: 24000000
TSC: 3504 MHz (24000000 Hz * 292 / 2 / 1000000)
CPUID(0x16): base_mhz: 3500 max_mhz: 5300 bus_mhz: 100
cpu4: MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT: 0x00401cc0 (ENable-EIST_Coordination DISable-
EPB DISable-OOB)
RAPL: 2097 sec. Joule Counter Range, at 125 Watts
cpu4: MSR_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x808083af1812300
8 * 100.0 = 800.0 MHz max efficiency frequency
35 * 100.0 = 3500.0 MHz base frequency
cpu4: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x0034005d (C1E auto-promotion: DISabled)
cpu4: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x3232323434353535
50 * 100.0 = 5000.0 MHz max turbo 8 active cores
50 * 100.0 = 5000.0 MHz max turbo 7 active cores
50 * 100.0 = 5000.0 MHz max turbo 6 active cores
52 * 100.0 = 5200.0 MHz max turbo 5 active cores
52 * 100.0 = 5200.0 MHz max turbo 4 active cores
53 * 100.0 = 5300.0 MHz max turbo 3 active cores
53 * 100.0 = 5300.0 MHz max turbo 2 active cores
53 * 100.0 = 5300.0 MHz max turbo 1 active cores
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL: 0x00000023 (base_ratio=35)
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1: 0x001e02f8 (PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL1=0
PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL1=0 LVL1_RATIO=30 PKG_TDP_LVL1=760)
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2: 0x00000000 ()
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL: 0x00000000 ( lock=0)
cpu4: MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO: 0x00000000 (MAX_NON_TURBO_RATIO=0
lock=0)
cpu4: MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL: 0x74000000 (UNdemote-C1, demote-C1,
UNlocked, pkg-cstate-limit=0 (pc0))
/dev/cpu_dma_latency: 2000000000 usec (default)
current_driver: intel_idle
current_governor: menu
current_governor_ro: menu
cpu4: POLL: CPUIDLE CORE POLL IDLE
cpu4: C1ACPI: ACPI FFH MWAIT 0x0
cpu4: C2ACPI: ACPI FFH MWAIT 0x31
cpu4: C3ACPI: ACPI FFH MWAIT 0x60
cpu4: cpufreq driver: intel_pstate
cpu4: cpufreq governor: powersave
cpufreq intel_pstate no_turbo: 0
cpu4: MSR_MISC_FEATURE_CONTROL: 0x00000000 (L2-Prefetch L2-Prefetch-
pair L1-Prefetch L1-IP-Prefetch)
cpu0: MSR_PM_ENABLE: 0x00000001 (HWP)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES: 0x010d2335 (high 53 guar 35 eff 13 low 1)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_REQUEST: 0x80003508 (min 8 max 53 des 0 epp 0x80 window
0x0
pkg 0x0)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_REQUEST_PKG: 0x8000ff01 (min 1 max 255 des 0 epp 0x80
window
0x0)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_INTERRUPT: 0x00000000 (Dis_Guaranteed_Perf_Change,
Dis_Excursion_Min)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_STATUS: 0x00000004 (No-Guaranteed_Perf_Change, No-
Excursion_Min)
cpu0: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x00000006 (balanced)
cpu0: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x000a0e03 (0.125000 Watts, 0.000061
Joules,
0.000977 sec.)
cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x000003e8 (125 W TDP, RAPL 0 - 0 W,
0.000000
sec.)
cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x42fff800e5fff8 (UNlocked)
cpu0: PKG Limit #1: ENabled (4095.000000 Watts, 448.000000 sec, clamp
ENabled)
cpu0: PKG Limit #2: ENabled (4095.000000 Watts, 0.002441* sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu0: MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT: 0x5400de00000000 (UNlocked)
cpu0: DRAM Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu0: MSR_PP0_POLICY: 0
cpu0: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
cpu0: Cores Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu0: MSR_PP1_POLICY: 0
cpu0: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
cpu0: GFX Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu4: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x00640000 (100 C) (100 default - 0
offset)
cpu0: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x88450000 (31 C)
cpu0: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x00000003 (100 C, 100 C)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC3_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC6_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC7_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC8_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC9_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC10_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
Busy% Bzy_MHz IRQ PkgTmp PkgWatt GFXWatt RAMWatt PKG_%
0.76 1268 6511 30 16.87 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.89 983 9705 31 17.39 0.03 0.00 0.00
0.43 851 7473 31 17.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.36 800 5721 30 16.85 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.33 800 5427 30 16.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.34 800 5414 31 16.77 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.46 800 5744 30 16.61 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.48 800 2881 31 16.68 0.00 0.00 0.00
性能涡轮增压器没有安静
chris@pc-01:~$ sudo turbostat --Summary --show
Busy%,Bzy_MHz,IRQ,PkgWatt,PkgTmp,RAMWatt,GFXWatt,PKG_%
turbostat version 20.09.30 - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
CPUID(0): GenuineIntel 0x1b CPUID levels; 0x80000008 xlevels;
family:model:stepping 0x6:a7:1 (6:167:1)
CPUID(1): SSE3 MONITOR SMX EIST TM2 TSC MSR ACPI-TM HT TM
CPUID(6): APERF, TURBO, DTS, PTM, HWP, HWPnotify, HWPwindow, HWPepp,
HWPpkg, EPB
cpu4: MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE: 0x00850089 (TCC EIST MWAIT PREFETCH TURBO)
CPUID(7): No-SGX
CPUID(0x15): eax_crystal: 2 ebx_tsc: 292 ecx_crystal_hz: 24000000
TSC: 3504 MHz (24000000 Hz * 292 / 2 / 1000000)
CPUID(0x16): base_mhz: 3500 max_mhz: 5300 bus_mhz: 100
cpu4: MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT: 0x00401cc0 (ENable-EIST_Coordination DISable-
EPB DISable-OOB)
RAPL: 2097 sec. Joule Counter Range, at 125 Watts
cpu4: MSR_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x808083af1812300
8 * 100.0 = 800.0 MHz max efficiency frequency
35 * 100.0 = 3500.0 MHz base frequency
cpu4: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x0034005d (C1E auto-promotion: DISabled)
cpu4: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x3232323434353535
50 * 100.0 = 5000.0 MHz max turbo 8 active cores
50 * 100.0 = 5000.0 MHz max turbo 7 active cores
50 * 100.0 = 5000.0 MHz max turbo 6 active cores
52 * 100.0 = 5200.0 MHz max turbo 5 active cores
52 * 100.0 = 5200.0 MHz max turbo 4 active cores
53 * 100.0 = 5300.0 MHz max turbo 3 active cores
53 * 100.0 = 5300.0 MHz max turbo 2 active cores
53 * 100.0 = 5300.0 MHz max turbo 1 active cores
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL: 0x00000023 (base_ratio=35)
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1: 0x001e02f8 (PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL1=0
PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL1=0 LVL1_RATIO=30 PKG_TDP_LVL1=760)
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2: 0x00000000 ()
cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL: 0x00000000 ( lock=0)
cpu4: MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO: 0x00000000 (MAX_NON_TURBO_RATIO=0
lock=0)
cpu4: MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL: 0x74000000 (UNdemote-C1, demote-C1,
UNlocked, pkg-cstate-limit=0 (pc0))
/dev/cpu_dma_latency: 2000000000 usec (default)
current_driver: intel_idle
current_governor: menu
current_governor_ro: menu
cpu4: POLL: CPUIDLE CORE POLL IDLE
cpu4: C1ACPI: ACPI FFH MWAIT 0x0
cpu4: C2ACPI: ACPI FFH MWAIT 0x31
cpu4: C3ACPI: ACPI FFH MWAIT 0x60
cpu4: cpufreq driver: intel_pstate
cpu4: cpufreq governor: performance
cpufreq intel_pstate no_turbo: 0
cpu4: MSR_MISC_FEATURE_CONTROL: 0x00000000 (L2-Prefetch L2-Prefetch-
pair L1-Prefetch L1-IP-Prefetch)
cpu0: MSR_PM_ENABLE: 0x00000001 (HWP)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES: 0x010d2335 (high 53 guar 35 eff 13 low 1)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_REQUEST: 0x00003535 (min 53 max 53 des 0 epp 0x0 window
0x0 pkg 0x0)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_REQUEST_PKG: 0x8000ff01 (min 1 max 255 des 0 epp 0x80
window 0x0)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_INTERRUPT: 0x00000000 (Dis_Guaranteed_Perf_Change,
Dis_Excursion_Min)
cpu0: MSR_HWP_STATUS: 0x00000004 (No-Guaranteed_Perf_Change, No-
Excursion_Min)
cpu0: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x00000006 (balanced)
cpu0: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x000a0e03 (0.125000 Watts, 0.000061
Joules, 0.000977 sec.)
cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x000003e8 (125 W TDP, RAPL 0 - 0 W,
0.000000 sec.)
cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x42fff800e5fff8 (UNlocked)
cpu0: PKG Limit #1: ENabled (4095.000000 Watts, 448.000000 sec, clamp
ENabled)
cpu0: PKG Limit #2: ENabled (4095.000000 Watts, 0.002441* sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu0: MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT: 0x5400de00000000 (UNlocked)
cpu0: DRAM Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu0: MSR_PP0_POLICY: 0
cpu0: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
cpu0: Cores Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu0: MSR_PP1_POLICY: 0
cpu0: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
cpu0: GFX Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp
DISabled)
cpu4: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x00640000 (100 C) (100 default - 0
offset)
cpu0: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x88410000 (35 C)
cpu0: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x00000003 (100 C, 100 C)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC3_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC6_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC7_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC8_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC9_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
cpu4: MSR_PKGC10_IRTL: 0x00000000 (NOTvalid, 0 ns)
Busy% Bzy_MHz IRQ PkgTmp PkgWatt GFXWatt RAMWatt PKG_%
0.10 5295 2016 32 19.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10 5297 2001 31 19.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.09 5298 1944 31 18.93 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.09 5297 1913 31 18.95 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.09 5298 1907 32 18.88 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10 5287 1778 31 19.18 0.00 0.00 0.00
结尾