我在网上看到有关使用 IOSTAT 的相互矛盾的信息。特别是我希望能够显示自启动以来的平均值。根据我读过的信息，如果我从未发出过命令 IOSTAT，它将显示自启动以来的平均值。但是，如果在某个时候我发出了 IOSTAT 命令，那么下一次执行将不是自启动以来，而是自上次执行以来。
假设我之前已经运行过一次，我如何在启动后执行 IOSTAT。
我已运行以下 docker 命令来创建 Ubuntu 映像的实例...
docker run -it ubuntu bash
当我发出安装命令时，我看到以下内容......
root@ca13e87462b5:/# mount
overlay on / type overlay (rw,relatime,lowerdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/O253SM3ZGX5EFP7OSBPPU5UW2C:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/IZEDWP7V4P4JWPLEL4EMN6GA5V:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/ZMFQPLBLMSGQYI7LDX5FSBHLEY:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/AVPGKJLG4AQJZLP3PKPGWQOMK6:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/6AFZ5ARHQ3PKYRWFQPUULZIMHB,upperdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5a86c70a335f15d9c93bfb440b63b64aaef2b03b35ea42e3cef3609f96075514/diff,workdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5a86c70a335f15d9c93bfb440b63b64aaef2b03b35ea42e3cef3609f96075514/work)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=65536k,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=666)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,mode=755)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,name=systemd)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls,net_prio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpu,cpuacct)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,rdma)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
/dev/sdb2 on /etc/resolv.conf type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
/dev/sdb2 on /etc/hostname type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
/dev/sdb2 on /etc/hosts type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered)
shm on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=65536k)
devpts on /dev/console type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=666)
proc on /proc/bus type proc (ro,relatime)
proc on /proc/fs type proc (ro,relatime)
proc on /proc/irq type proc (ro,relatime)
proc on /proc/sys type proc (ro,relatime)
proc on /proc/sysrq-trigger type proc (ro,relatime)
tmpfs on /proc/asound type tmpfs (ro,relatime)
tmpfs on /proc/acpi type tmpfs (ro,relatime)
tmpfs on /proc/kcore type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=65536k,mode=755)
tmpfs on /proc/keys type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=65536k,mode=755)
tmpfs on /proc/timer_list type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=65536k,mode=755)
tmpfs on /proc/sched_debug type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=65536k,mode=755)
tmpfs on /proc/scsi type tmpfs (ro,relatime)
tmpfs on /sys/firmware type tmpfs (ro,relatime)
所以我发出一个磁盘空闲命令......
root@ca13e87462b5:/# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
overlay 219G 162G 46G 79% /
tmpfs 64M 0 64M 0% /dev
tmpfs 7.9G 0 7.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb2 219G 162G 46G 79% /etc/hosts
shm 64M 0 64M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 7.9G 0 7.9G 0% /proc/asound
tmpfs 7.9G 0 7.9G 0% /proc/acpi
tmpfs 7.9G 0 7.9G 0% /proc/scsi
tmpfs 7.9G 0 7.9G 0% /sys/firmware
在我看来，设备 /dev/sdb2 的挂载点是一个文件 - /etc/hosts。
我不知道我可以将设备安装到文件中。我误解这里发生了什么？
如果我在 /etc 上执行 ls ，我会看到 hosts 是一个文件......
root@ca13e87462b5:/# ls -al /etc
total 268
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 24 17:40 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 24 17:40 ..
-rw------- 1 root root 0 Feb 4 21:03 .pwd.lock
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3028 Feb 4 21:03 adduser.conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 alternatives
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:03 apt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2319 Apr 4 2018 bash.bashrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 367 Jan 27 2016 bindresvport.blacklist
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 cron.daily
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2969 Feb 28 2018 debconf.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11 Jun 25 2017 debian_version
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 default
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 604 Aug 13 2017 deluser.conf
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 dpkg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 96 Feb 4 21:03 environment
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 Feb 4 21:02 fstab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2584 Feb 1 2018 gai.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 446 Feb 4 21:03 group
-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 374 Feb 4 21:03 gshadow
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92 Apr 9 2018 host.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13 Feb 24 17:40 hostname
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 174 Feb 24 17:40 hosts
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 init.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Aug 19 2018 issue
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19 Aug 19 2018 issue.net
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:03 kernel
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7274 Feb 4 21:04 ld.so.cache
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34 Jan 27 2016 ld.so.conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 ld.so.conf.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 267 Apr 9 2018 legal
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 191 Feb 7 2018 libaudit.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10550 Jan 25 2018 login.defs
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 logrotate.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 105 Aug 19 2018 lsb-release
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Feb 4 21:04 machine-id
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 812 Mar 24 2018 mke2fs.conf
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Feb 24 17:40 mtab -> /proc/mounts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 91 Apr 9 2018 networks
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 497 Oct 5 2016 nsswitch.conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:02 opt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug 19 2018 os-release -> ../usr/lib/os-release
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 552 Apr 4 2018 pam.conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 pam.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 926 Feb 4 21:03 passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 581 Apr 9 2018 profile
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 profile.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 rc0.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 rc1.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 rc2.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 rc3.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 rc4.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 rc5.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 rc6.d
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:03 rcS.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 628 Feb 24 17:40 resolv.conf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 268 Jul 21 2017 rmt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4141 Jan 25 2018 securetty
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:03 security
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 selinux
-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 501 Feb 4 21:03 shadow
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 73 Feb 4 21:03 shells
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:03 skel
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Feb 4 21:03 subgid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Feb 4 21:03 subuid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2683 Jan 17 2018 sysctl.conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 sysctl.d
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 25 2017 systemd
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 terminfo
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 21:04 update-motd.d
设想
使用 KDE Plasma 5 默认启动器，当我将应用程序添加到启动器时，它的图标将按预期出现在面板中。当我单击该图标时，应用程序将按预期启动。我单击的图标消失了，但会出现一个正在运行的实例的新面板按钮。
问题
如何保留启动器图标，并在面板上保留正在运行的实例的新面板按钮，这样什么都不会消失？我想通过单击启动器图标来启动应用程序的第二个运行实例。