我曾经遇到过一个终端命令，它列出了系统上可用的 GPU 以及使用它们的环境变量。例如，我的笔记本电脑有一个 Nvidia dGPU 和一个 Intel Arc iGPU，所以我会得到 2 个结果，其中 Nvidia 卡提到__GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME/ __NV_PRIME_RENDER_OFFLOAD/，__VK_LAYER_NV_optimus而对于 Intel 卡，我会得到DRI_PRIME。
我的问题是我不记得提供此信息的命令。有人知道这个实用程序吗？
情况：台式电脑配有 AMD CPU、iGPU 和 PCIe 上的 Radeon GPU。EndeavourOS 带有 systemd-boot（但也尝试过使用 GRUB 的 Pop OS）。
在 BIOS 设置中，PCIe GPU 被选为主要 GPU。
引导加载程序（systemd-boot 和 GRUB）从主板连接器（iGPU）和 Radeon 连接器提供 VGA 输出。
但是当内核接管时，输出仅来自 iGPU。无论是启动消息还是之后通过 SDDM、wayland、KDE Plasma。当显示器连接到 PCIe GPU 时，显示器会打开但屏幕空白。
如果我从 BIOS 禁用 iGPU，那么两个 GPU 上都不会输出。
# inxi -F
System:
Host: caladan Kernel: 6.9.3-arch1-1 arch: x86_64 bits: 64
Desktop: KDE Plasma v: 6.0.5 Distro: EndeavourOS
Machine:
Type: Desktop System: ASUS product: N/A v: N/A serial: N/A
Mobo: ASUSTeK model: TUF GAMING B650-PLUS WIFI v: Rev 1.xx
serial: 240131817600271 UEFI: American Megatrends v: 1811 date: 10/07/2023
CPU:
Info: 8-core model: AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D bits: 64 type: MT MCP cache:
L2: 8 MiB
Speed (MHz): avg: 1429 min/max: 400/5050 cores: 1: 400 2: 400 3: 3657
4: 4019 5: 400 6: 400 7: 400 8: 3601 9: 3609 10: 400 11: 400 12: 400 13: 400
14: 400 15: 3584 16: 400
Graphics:
Device-1: AMD Navi 32 [Radeon RX 7700 XT / 7800 XT] driver: N/A
Device-2: AMD Raphael driver: amdgpu v: kernel
Device-3: Jieli USB PHY 2.0 driver: snd-usb-audio,uvcvideo type: USB
Display: server: X.Org v: 24.1 with: Xwayland v: 24.1.0 driver: X:
loaded: amdgpu unloaded: modesetting,radeon dri: radeonsi gpu: amdgpu
resolution: 3440x1440~60Hz
API: EGL v: 1.5 drivers: radeonsi,swrast platforms: x11,surfaceless,device
API: OpenGL v: 4.6 compat-v: 4.5 vendor: amd mesa v: 24.1.1-arch1.1
renderer: AMD Radeon Graphics (radeonsi raphael_mendocino LLVM 17.0.6 DRM
3.57 6.9.3-arch1-1)
API: Vulkan Message: No Vulkan data available.
Audio:
Device-1: AMD Navi 31 HDMI/DP Audio driver: snd_hda_intel
Device-2: AMD Rembrandt Radeon High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel
Device-3: AMD Family 17h/19h HD Audio driver: snd_hda_intel
Device-4: GN Netcom Jabra EVOLVE 20 SE driver: jabra,snd-usb-audio,usbhid
type: USB
Device-5: Jieli USB PHY 2.0 driver: snd-usb-audio,uvcvideo type: USB
API: ALSA v: k6.9.3-arch1-1 status: kernel-api
Network:
Device-1: Realtek RTL8125 2.5GbE driver: r8169
IF: eno1 state: up speed: 1000 Mbps duplex: full mac: 10:7c:61:73:9a:73
Device-2: Realtek RTL8852BE PCIe 802.11ax Wireless Network
driver: rtw89_8852be
IF: wlan0 state: down mac: 12:07:7d:d1:bc:35
Bluetooth:
Device-1: IMC Networks Bluetooth Radio driver: btusb type: USB
Report: btmgmt ID: hci0 state: up address: A8:41:F4:2B:00:6D bt-v: 5.3
Drives:
Local Storage: total: 1.82 TiB used: 11 GiB (0.6%)
ID-1: /dev/nvme0n1 vendor: Corsair model: MP600 PRO XT size: 931.51 GiB
ID-2: /dev/nvme1n1 vendor: Samsung model: SSD 970 EVO 1TB size: 931.51 GiB
Partition:
ID-1: / size: 906.17 GiB used: 10.9 GiB (1.2%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/nvme0n1p2
Swap:
ID-1: swap-1 type: partition size: 8.8 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%)
dev: /dev/nvme0n1p3
Sensors:
System Temperatures: cpu: 40.6 C mobo: N/A gpu: amdgpu temp: 37.0 C
Fan Speeds (rpm): N/A
Info:
Memory: total: 32 GiB note: est. available: 30.57 GiB used: 4.26 GiB (13.9%)
Processes: 305 Uptime: 18m Shell: Bash inxi: 3.3.34
Dmesg 有这个有趣的部分：
[ 23.739334] [drm:amdgpu_bo_init [amdgpu]] *ERROR* Unable to set WC memtype for the aperture base
[ 23.739462] [drm:amdgpu_device_init [amdgpu]] *ERROR* sw_init of IP block <gmc_v10_0> failed -22
[ 23.739587] amdgpu 0000:03:00.0: amdgpu: amdgpu_device_ip_init failed
[ 23.739588] amdgpu 0000:03:00.0: amdgpu: Fatal error during GPU init
[ 23.739590] amdgpu 0000:03:00.0: amdgpu: amdgpu: finishing device.
[ 23.739712] amdgpu: probe of 0000:03:00.0 failed with error -22
我正在尝试让显示驱动程序运行以无头安装 Kali。（win10上的WSL）使用inxi，我可以看到没有安装驱动，主要是因为我在无头运行。
我在网上搜索了一个内核模块，以便我可以使用该驱动程序重新编译内核，但没有成功。
设备为 Intel(R) UHD Graphics 630 (PCI\VEN_8086&DEV_3E9B&SUBSYS_08311028&REV_00)
如果没有驱动程序，有什么方法可以访问 GPU？
哈希猫 -I
我有一个渲染软件，更具体地说，它是一个渲染视频（保存渲染帧）的 Unity3D «游戏»。
不幸的是 Unity3D 不支持 «headless» 渲染（它可以在 headless 模式下运行，但在这种情况下它不渲染帧），因此它需要一个 X 服务器来创建一个窗口。
xvfb不适合这样的解决方案。而且我还想在 Docker 中运行它，有时我需要查看现在使用 VNC 呈现的内容以进行调试。
据我了解，我需要：
这是最好的方法吗？
我创建了一个虚拟显示器：
Section "ServerLayout"
Identifier "Layout0"
Screen 0 "Screen0"
InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard"
InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer"
EndSection
Section "Files"
EndSection
Section "InputDevice"
# generated from default
Identifier "Mouse0"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "auto"
Option "Device" "/dev/psaux"
Option "Emulate3Buttons" "no"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
EndSection
Section "InputDevice"
# generated from default
Identifier "Keyboard0"
Driver "kbd"
EndSection
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "Monitor0"
VendorName "Unknown"
ModelName "Unknown"
HorizSync 20.0 - 120.0
VertRefresh 30.0 - 120.0
EndSection
Section "Device"
Identifier "Device0"
Driver "nvidia"
VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation"
BoardName "NVIDIA GeForce GT 1030"
Option "ConnectedMonitor" "DFP"
Option "CustomEDID" "DFP-0:/etc/X11/EDID.bin"
Option "ConstrainCursor" "off"
BusID "PCI:01:0:0"
EndSection
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Device0"
Monitor "Monitor0"
DefaultDepth 24
Option "TwinView" "0"
Option "metamodes" "DFP-0: 1280x1024 +0+0"
SubSection "Display"
Depth 24
EndSubSection
EndSection
并开始 X：
sudo X :0 -config /etc/X11/xorg.conf
它开始时没有任何错误，但似乎挂起（对 Ctrl+C 没有反应，杀死它的唯一方法是kill -9 PID）。
glxinfo不起作用：
$ DISPLAY=:0 glxinfo
name of display: :0
X Error of failed request: BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)
Major opcode of failed request: 151 (GLX)
Minor opcode of failed request: 24 (X_GLXCreateNewContext)
Value in failed request: 0x0
Serial number of failed request: 110
Current serial number in output stream: 111
但是，如果我指定显示，则xrandr显示其信息：
$ xrandr -d :0
Screen 0: minimum 8 x 8, current 1280 x 1024, maximum 32767 x 32767
DVI-D-0 connected primary 1280x1024+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 510mm x 290mm
1920x1080 60.00 + 59.94 50.00 60.00 50.04
1680x1050 59.95
1440x900 59.89
1280x1024 75.02* 60.02
1280x960 60.00
1280x720 60.00 59.94 50.00
1024x768 75.03 70.07 60.00
800x600 75.00 72.19 60.32 56.25
720x576 50.00
720x480 59.94
640x480 75.00 72.81 59.94 59.93
HDMI-0 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)
X 服务器日志看起来不错：
[ 306.770]
X.Org X Server 1.20.11
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
[ 306.770] Build Operating System: linux Debian
[ 306.770] Current Operating System: Linux home-server 5.10.0-9-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 5.10.70-1 (2021-09-30) x86_64
[ 306.770] Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-5.10.0-9-amd64 root=/dev/mapper/home--server--vg-root ro quiet
[ 306.770] Build Date: 13 April 2021 04:07:31PM
[ 306.770] xorg-server 2:1.20.11-1 (https://www.debian.org/support)
[ 306.770] Current version of pixman: 0.40.0
[ 306.770] Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org
to make sure that you have the latest version.
[ 306.770] Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
(++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
(WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
[ 306.770] (==) Log file: "/var/log/Xorg.0.log", Time: Thu Nov 18 21:49:50 2021
[ 306.770] (++) Using config file: "/etc/X11/xorg.conf"
[ 306.770] (==) ServerLayout "Layout0"
[ 306.770] (**) |-->Screen "Screen0" (0)
[ 306.770] (**) | |-->Monitor "Monitor0"
[ 306.770] (**) | |-->Device "Device0"
[ 306.770] (**) |-->Input Device "Keyboard0"
[ 306.770] (**) |-->Input Device "Mouse0"
[ 306.770] (==) Automatically adding devices
[ 306.770] (==) Automatically enabling devices
[ 306.770] (==) Automatically adding GPU devices
[ 306.770] (==) Max clients allowed: 256, resource mask: 0x1fffff
[ 306.770] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic" does not exist.
[ 306.770] Entry deleted from font path.
[ 306.770] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/" does not exist.
[ 306.770] Entry deleted from font path.
[ 306.770] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/" does not exist.
[ 306.770] Entry deleted from font path.
[ 306.770] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1" does not exist.
[ 306.770] Entry deleted from font path.
[ 306.770] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi" does not exist.
[ 306.770] Entry deleted from font path.
[ 306.770] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi" does not exist.
[ 306.770] Entry deleted from font path.
[ 306.770] (==) FontPath set to:
/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc,
built-ins
[ 306.770] (==) ModulePath set to "/usr/lib/xorg/modules"
[ 306.770] (WW) Hotplugging is on, devices using drivers 'kbd', 'mouse' or 'vmmouse' will be disabled.
[ 306.770] (WW) Disabling Keyboard0
[ 306.770] (WW) Disabling Mouse0
[ 306.770] (II) Loader magic: 0x562334c16e40
[ 306.770] (II) Module ABI versions:
[ 306.770] X.Org ANSI C Emulation: 0.4
[ 306.770] X.Org Video Driver: 24.1
[ 306.770] X.Org XInput driver : 24.1
[ 306.770] X.Org Server Extension : 10.0
[ 306.771] (--) using VT number 3
[ 306.771] (II) systemd-logind: logind integration requires -keeptty and -keeptty was not provided, disabling logind integration
[ 306.771] (II) xfree86: Adding drm device (/dev/dri/card0)
[ 306.772] (--) PCI:*(1@0:0:0) 10de:1d01:1043:85f4 rev 161, Mem @ 0xa2000000/16777216, 0x90000000/268435456, 0xa0000000/33554432, I/O @ 0x00003000/128, BIOS @ 0x????????/131072
[ 306.772] (II) LoadModule: "glx"
[ 306.772] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libglx.so
[ 306.772] (II) Module glx: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 306.772] compiled for 1.20.11, module version = 1.0.0
[ 306.772] ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 10.0
[ 306.772] (II) LoadModule: "nvidia"
[ 306.772] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/nvidia_drv.so
[ 306.773] (II) Module nvidia: vendor="NVIDIA Corporation"
[ 306.773] compiled for 1.6.99.901, module version = 1.0.0
[ 306.773] Module class: X.Org Video Driver
[ 306.773] (II) NVIDIA dlloader X Driver 470.86 Tue Oct 26 21:53:29 UTC 2021
[ 306.773] (II) NVIDIA Unified Driver for all Supported NVIDIA GPUs
[ 306.773] (II) Loading sub module "fb"
[ 306.773] (II) LoadModule: "fb"
[ 306.773] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libfb.so
[ 306.773] (II) Module fb: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 306.773] compiled for 1.20.11, module version = 1.0.0
[ 306.773] ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
[ 306.773] (II) Loading sub module "wfb"
[ 306.773] (II) LoadModule: "wfb"
[ 306.773] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libwfb.so
[ 306.773] (II) Module wfb: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[ 306.773] compiled for 1.20.11, module version = 1.0.0
[ 306.773] ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
[ 306.773] (II) Loading sub module "ramdac"
[ 306.773] (II) LoadModule: "ramdac"
[ 306.773] (II) Module "ramdac" already built-in
[ 306.773] (**) NVIDIA(0): Depth 24, (--) framebuffer bpp 32
[ 306.773] (==) NVIDIA(0): RGB weight 888
[ 306.773] (==) NVIDIA(0): Default visual is TrueColor
[ 306.773] (==) NVIDIA(0): Using gamma correction (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
[ 306.773] (**) NVIDIA(0): Option "ConstrainCursor" "off"
[ 306.773] (**) NVIDIA(0): Option "ConnectedMonitor" "DFP"
[ 306.773] (**) NVIDIA(0): Option "CustomEDID" "DFP-0:/etc/X11/EDID.bin"
[ 306.773] (**) NVIDIA(0): Option "MetaModes" "DFP-0: 1280x1024 +0+0"
[ 306.773] (**) NVIDIA(0): Enabling 2D acceleration
[ 306.773] (**) NVIDIA(0): ConnectedMonitor string: "DFP"
[ 306.773] (II) Loading sub module "glxserver_nvidia"
[ 306.773] (II) LoadModule: "glxserver_nvidia"
[ 306.773] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libglxserver_nvidia.so
[ 306.777] (II) Module glxserver_nvidia: vendor="NVIDIA Corporation"
[ 306.777] compiled for 1.6.99.901, module version = 1.0.0
[ 306.777] Module class: X.Org Server Extension
[ 306.777] (II) NVIDIA GLX Module 470.86 Tue Oct 26 21:51:04 UTC 2021
[ 306.777] (II) NVIDIA: The X server supports PRIME Render Offload.
[ 306.953] (--) NVIDIA(0): Valid display device(s) on GPU-0 at PCI:1:0:0
[ 306.953] (--) NVIDIA(0): DFP-0
[ 306.953] (--) NVIDIA(0): DFP-1
[ 306.953] (**) NVIDIA(0): Using ConnectedMonitor string "DFP-0".
[ 306.953] (II) NVIDIA(0): NVIDIA GPU NVIDIA GeForce GT 1030 (GP108-A) at PCI:1:0:0
[ 306.953] (II) NVIDIA(0): (GPU-0)
[ 306.953] (--) NVIDIA(0): Memory: 2097152 kBytes
[ 306.953] (--) NVIDIA(0): VideoBIOS: 86.08.0c.00.1a
[ 306.953] (II) NVIDIA(0): Detected PCI Express Link width: 4X
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): AOC 2369M (DFP-0): connected
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): AOC 2369M (DFP-0): Internal TMDS
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): AOC 2369M (DFP-0): 600.0 MHz maximum pixel clock
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0):
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): DFP-1: disconnected
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): DFP-1: Internal TMDS
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): DFP-1: 165.0 MHz maximum pixel clock
[ 306.954] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0):
[ 306.958] (II) NVIDIA(0): Validated MetaModes:
[ 306.958] (II) NVIDIA(0): "DFP-0:1280x1024+0+0"
[ 306.958] (II) NVIDIA(0): Virtual screen size determined to be 1280 x 1024
[ 306.961] (--) NVIDIA(0): DPI set to (63, 89); computed from "UseEdidDpi" X config
[ 306.961] (--) NVIDIA(0): option
[ 306.961] (II) NVIDIA: Reserving 24576.00 MB of virtual memory for indirect memory
[ 306.961] (II) NVIDIA: access.
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): ACPI: failed to connect to the ACPI event daemon; the daemon
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): may not be running or the "AcpidSocketPath" X
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): configuration option may not be set correctly. When the
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): ACPI event daemon is available, the NVIDIA X driver will
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): try to use it to receive ACPI event notifications. For
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): details, please see the "ConnectToAcpid" and
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): "AcpidSocketPath" X configuration options in Appendix B: X
[ 306.963] (II) NVIDIA(0): Config Options in the README.
[ 306.975] (II) NVIDIA(0): Setting mode "DFP-0:1280x1024+0+0"
[ 306.998] (==) NVIDIA(0): Disabling shared memory pixmaps
[ 306.998] (==) NVIDIA(0): Backing store enabled
[ 306.998] (==) NVIDIA(0): Silken mouse enabled
[ 306.998] (==) NVIDIA(0): DPMS enabled
[ 306.998] (WW) NVIDIA(0): Option "TwinView" is not used
[ 306.998] (II) Loading sub module "dri2"
[ 306.998] (II) LoadModule: "dri2"
[ 306.998] (II) Module "dri2" already built-in
[ 306.998] (II) NVIDIA(0): [DRI2] Setup complete
[ 306.998] (II) NVIDIA(0): [DRI2] VDPAU driver: nvidia
[ 306.998] (II) Initializing extension Generic Event Extension
[ 306.998] (II) Initializing extension SHAPE
[ 306.998] (II) Initializing extension MIT-SHM
[ 306.998] (II) Initializing extension XInputExtension
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension XTEST
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension BIG-REQUESTS
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension SYNC
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension XKEYBOARD
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension XC-MISC
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension SECURITY
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension XFIXES
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension RENDER
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension RANDR
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension COMPOSITE
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension DAMAGE
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension MIT-SCREEN-SAVER
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension DOUBLE-BUFFER
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension RECORD
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension DPMS
[ 306.999] (II) Initializing extension Present
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension DRI3
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension X-Resource
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension XVideo
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension XVideo-MotionCompensation
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension SELinux
[ 307.000] (II) SELinux: Disabled on system
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension GLX
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension GLX
[ 307.000] (II) Indirect GLX disabled.
[ 307.000] (II) GLX: Another vendor is already registered for screen 0
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension XFree86-VidModeExtension
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension XFree86-DGA
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension XFree86-DRI
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension DRI2
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension NV-GLX
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension NV-CONTROL
[ 307.000] (II) Initializing extension XINERAMA
[ 307.019] (II) config/udev: Adding input device Power Button (/dev/input/event3)
[ 307.019] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.019] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.019] (II) config/udev: Adding input device Power Button (/dev/input/event2)
[ 307.019] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.019] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.019] (II) config/udev: Adding input device Sleep Button (/dev/input/event1)
[ 307.019] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.019] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.019] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=3 (/dev/input/event5)
[ 307.019] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.019] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.019] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=7 (/dev/input/event6)
[ 307.019] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.019] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.020] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=8 (/dev/input/event7)
[ 307.020] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.020] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.020] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=9 (/dev/input/event8)
[ 307.020] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.020] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.020] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=10 (/dev/input/event9)
[ 307.020] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.020] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.020] (II) config/udev: Adding input device ASRock LED Controller (/dev/input/event0)
[ 307.020] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.020] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.020] (II) config/udev: Adding input device ASRock LED Controller (/dev/input/js0)
[ 307.020] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.020] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.021] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Front Mic (/dev/input/event10)
[ 307.021] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.021] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.021] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Rear Mic (/dev/input/event11)
[ 307.021] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.021] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.021] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Line (/dev/input/event12)
[ 307.021] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.021] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.021] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Line Out (/dev/input/event13)
[ 307.021] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.021] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.021] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Front Headphone (/dev/input/event14)
[ 307.021] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.021] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 307.021] (II) config/udev: Adding input device PC Speaker (/dev/input/event4)
[ 307.021] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 307.021] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): ACPI: failed to connect to the ACPI event daemon; the daemon
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): may not be running or the "AcpidSocketPath" X
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): configuration option may not be set correctly. When the
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): ACPI event daemon is available, the NVIDIA X driver will
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): try to use it to receive ACPI event notifications. For
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): details, please see the "ConnectToAcpid" and
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): "AcpidSocketPath" X configuration options in Appendix B: X
[ 390.739] (II) NVIDIA(0): Config Options in the README.
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): AOC 2369M (DFP-0): connected
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): AOC 2369M (DFP-0): Internal TMDS
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): AOC 2369M (DFP-0): 600.0 MHz maximum pixel clock
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0):
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): DFP-1: disconnected
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): DFP-1: Internal TMDS
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0): DFP-1: 165.0 MHz maximum pixel clock
[ 390.739] (--) NVIDIA(GPU-0):
[ 390.760] (II) NVIDIA(0): Setting mode "DFP-0:1280x1024+0+0"
[ 390.781] (==) NVIDIA(0): Disabling shared memory pixmaps
[ 390.781] (==) NVIDIA(0): DPMS enabled
[ 390.781] (II) Loading sub module "dri2"
[ 390.781] (II) LoadModule: "dri2"
[ 390.781] (II) Module "dri2" already built-in
[ 390.781] (II) NVIDIA(0): [DRI2] Setup complete
[ 390.781] (II) NVIDIA(0): [DRI2] VDPAU driver: nvidia
[ 390.781] (II) Initializing extension Generic Event Extension
[ 390.781] (II) Initializing extension SHAPE
[ 390.781] (II) Initializing extension MIT-SHM
[ 390.781] (II) Initializing extension XInputExtension
[ 390.781] (II) Initializing extension XTEST
[ 390.781] (II) Initializing extension BIG-REQUESTS
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension SYNC
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension XKEYBOARD
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension XC-MISC
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension SECURITY
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension XFIXES
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension RENDER
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension RANDR
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension COMPOSITE
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension DAMAGE
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension MIT-SCREEN-SAVER
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension DOUBLE-BUFFER
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension RECORD
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension DPMS
[ 390.782] (II) Initializing extension Present
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension DRI3
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension X-Resource
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension XVideo
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension XVideo-MotionCompensation
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension SELinux
[ 390.783] (II) SELinux: Disabled on system
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension GLX
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension GLX
[ 390.783] (II) Indirect GLX disabled.
[ 390.783] (II) GLX: Another vendor is already registered for screen 0
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension XFree86-VidModeExtension
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension XFree86-DGA
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension XFree86-DRI
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension DRI2
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension NV-GLX
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension NV-CONTROL
[ 390.783] (II) Initializing extension XINERAMA
[ 390.801] (II) config/udev: Adding input device Power Button (/dev/input/event3)
[ 390.801] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.801] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.801] (II) config/udev: Adding input device Power Button (/dev/input/event2)
[ 390.801] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.801] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.802] (II) config/udev: Adding input device Sleep Button (/dev/input/event1)
[ 390.802] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.802] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.802] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=3 (/dev/input/event5)
[ 390.802] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.802] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.802] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=7 (/dev/input/event6)
[ 390.802] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.802] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.802] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=8 (/dev/input/event7)
[ 390.802] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.802] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.802] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=9 (/dev/input/event8)
[ 390.802] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.802] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.803] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=10 (/dev/input/event9)
[ 390.803] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.803] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.803] (II) config/udev: Adding input device ASRock LED Controller (/dev/input/event0)
[ 390.803] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.803] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.803] (II) config/udev: Adding input device ASRock LED Controller (/dev/input/js0)
[ 390.803] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.803] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.803] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Front Mic (/dev/input/event10)
[ 390.803] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.803] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.803] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Rear Mic (/dev/input/event11)
[ 390.803] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.803] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.804] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Line (/dev/input/event12)
[ 390.804] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.804] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.804] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Line Out (/dev/input/event13)
[ 390.804] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.804] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.804] (II) config/udev: Adding input device HDA Intel PCH Front Headphone (/dev/input/event14)
[ 390.804] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.804] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
[ 390.804] (II) config/udev: Adding input device PC Speaker (/dev/input/event4)
[ 390.804] (II) No input driver specified, ignoring this device.
[ 390.804] (II) This device may have been added with another device file.
问题出在哪里？
我正在尝试让该optirun命令与我的计算机上的 FOSS Nouveau 驱动程序一起使用，该计算机具有嵌入式图形单元和独立图形处理单元。lspci | egrep -i 'vga|3d'这是命令提供的我的设置：
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Skylake GT2 [HD Graphics 520] (rev 07)
01:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GK208BM [GeForce 920M] (rev a1)
根据Nouveau CodeNames 网站页面，我的 GPU 由 NV108 (GK208) Nouveau 驱动程序支持。所以我没有理由不能让它与optirun命令一起工作，对吧？但是，在遵循经典安装过程之后
bumblebee和mesa-utils包我无法让optirun命令工作。例如，optirun glxgears 给出错误
[ERROR]Cannot access secondary GPU - error: [XORG] (EE)
[ERROR]Aborting because fallback start is disabled
问题似乎出在内核中的 Nouveau 模块上：
$ optirun -vv glxgears
----------------------
[DEBUG]Reading file: /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf
[DEBUG]optirun version 3.2.1 starting...
[DEBUG]Active configuration:
[DEBUG] bumblebeed config file: /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf
[DEBUG] X display: :8
[DEBUG] LD_LIBRARY_PATH:
[DEBUG] Socket path: /var/run/bumblebee.socket
[DEBUG] Accel/display bridge: auto
[DEBUG] VGL Compression: proxy
[DEBUG] VGLrun extra options:
[DEBUG] Primus LD Path: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/primus:/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/primus:/usr/lib/primus:/usr/lib32/primus
[DEBUG]Using auto-detected bridge virtualgl
[INFO]Response: No - error: [XORG] (EE)
[ERROR]Cannot access secondary GPU - error: [XORG] (EE)
[DEBUG]Socket closed.
[ERROR]Aborting because fallback start is disabled.
[DEBUG]Killing all remaining processes.
我试图强制 Optimus 在/etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.confby 设置中使用 Nouveau 驱动程序Driver=nouveau。没什么区别。
最初我在执行命令时遇到另一个错误：
[ERROR]Cannot access secondary GPU - error: [XORG] (EE)
[ERROR]Failed to load module "mouse" (module does not exist, 0)
我通过安装缺少的包来修复它xserver-xorg-input-mouse。
我正在尝试在运行 AMDGPU-PRO 18.10 和 linux 内核 4.4.0 的系统中监控 AMD gpus。
我正在读取以下值：
/sys/kernel/debug/dri/$X/amdgpu_pm_info
其中 $X 是卡片索引。
我还从另一个目录中读取 pp_dpm_cclk 值，位于
/sys/class/drm/card$X/
我对此有两个问题。
这两种情况下的 $X 是指同一张卡吗？例如/sys/class/drm/card0/device/pp_dpm_mclk返回关于同一张卡的信息/sys/kernel/debug/dri/0/amdgpu_pm_info？
每次启动/如果我添加或删除卡，这会是真的吗？
最后，我应该/sys/devices/pci0000:00用来访问 pp_dpm_mclk 而不是中的符号链接/sys/class/drm吗？如果是这样，我怎样才能找出里面的卡片/sys/devices/pci0000:00对应的卡片/sys/kernel/debug/dri？
谢谢
我的系统在运行 Ubuntu 时变热，没有主要的处理任务。我还在同一台机器上运行 Windows 10，并且在 Windows 上它永远不会变热，因此我们可以排除硬件问题。我最好的猜测是驱动程序问题，因为这个问题是在我摆弄我的系统以使用 Ocelot 在 AMD Radeon 上模拟 Nvidia GPU 之后开始的，但我撤消了所有更改，问题仍然存在。
或者有什么方法可以检查我的系统正在为显卡使用哪个驱动程序？
我的资源监视器截图：
我的top结果（它说用户 root 使用 48% 处理）：
top - 23:17:25 up 3:15, 1 user, load average: 3.10, 3.11, 2.93
Tasks: 346 total, 2 running, 279 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 15.5 us, 20.1 sy, 0.1 ni, 63.4 id, 0.2 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.8 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem : 12209596 total, 3167008 free, 3717188 used, 5325400 buff/cache
KiB Swap: 0 total, 0 free, 0 used. 7155104 avail Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
374 root 20 0 220908 178912 3140 S 48.0 1.5 25:38.91 systemd-ud+
4948 ashutosh 20 0 1162840 137192 103660 S 3.3 1.1 4:00.39 Xorg
26005 ashutosh 20 0 2855536 381020 151472 S 2.6 3.1 4:27.62 firefox
5308 ashutosh 20 0 3851468 264376 75324 S 2.3 2.2 3:00.62 gnome-shell
1 root 20 0 226204 10040 6768 S 2.0 0.1 1:26.18 systemd
4788 root 20 0 29012 840 780 R 1.7 0.0 0:00.05 modprobe
18343 ashutosh 20 0 723704 39712 30020 S 1.7 0.3 0:07.60 gnome-term+
8648 ashutosh 20 0 2112580 233300 140332 S 1.3 1.9 3:30.49 Web Content
26421 ashutosh 20 0 2184448 458740 90536 S 1.3 3.8 3:24.41 WebExtensi+
339 root 19 -1 266948 137392 132132 S 1.0 1.1 0:41.54 systemd-jo+
1328 root 20 0 48000 5524 2348 S 1.0 0.0 0:58.36 systemd-ud+
14747 _apt 20 0 81832 8772 7788 S 1.0 0.1 0:25.84 http
19207 ashutosh 20 0 5137248 660948 53060 S 1.0 5.4 3:30.89 java
1698 root 20 0 1803284 35956 27112 S 0.7 0.3 0:37.50 libvirtd
2604 root 20 0 48000 4772 1600 S 0.7 0.0 0:44.92 systemd-ud+
4701 root 20 0 48000 6616 3416 S 0.7 0.1 0:43.52 systemd-ud+
21966 root 20 0 780024 31784 17092 S 0.7 0.3 0:33.25 snapd
udevadm monitor结果：
ashutosh@ashutosh-Lenovo-G50-80:~$ udevadm monitor
monitor will print the received events for:
UDEV - the event which udev sends out after rule processing
KERNEL - the kernel uevent
UDEV [4527.590214] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4527.605280] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4527.720709] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4527.721492] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4527.721563] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4527.721932] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4527.721984] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4527.736603] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4527.744206] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4527.746470] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4527.759300] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4527.774551] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4527.885168] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4527.885935] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4527.886011] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4527.886380] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4527.886433] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4527.900224] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4527.902492] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4527.911873] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4527.926199] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4527.940766] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.048687] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4528.049406] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.049477] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.049817] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.049866] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.066313] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.072171] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.075653] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.088961] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.090611] add /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.101611] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.112995] remove /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4528.245592] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4528.246903] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.247002] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.247526] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.247599] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.260227] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.262239] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.272641] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.288292] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.300851] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.402297] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4528.403053] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.403126] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.403492] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.403542] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.416235] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.419266] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.428287] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.443380] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.456770] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.555878] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4528.556659] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.556739] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.557108] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.557160] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.572199] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.572770] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.582049] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.595829] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.610358] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.713648] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4528.714387] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.714461] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.714798] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.714856] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.728260] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.731368] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.741057] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.751104] add /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.754985] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.765928] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.769766] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.898017] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4528.898776] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.898852] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.899224] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4528.899274] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4528.912328] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4528.913607] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.923057] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4528.938895] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4528.951204] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.053251] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4529.053993] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.054067] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.054430] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.054482] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.068218] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4529.069977] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.079324] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4529.094377] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.107379] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.210655] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4529.211399] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.211476] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.211834] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.211881] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.224166] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4529.226843] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.237124] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4529.252801] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.265856] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.366827] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4529.367552] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.367626] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.367955] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.368055] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4529.383073] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.384195] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4529.392245] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4529.404878] add /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4529.408027] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.419792] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4529.425247] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.567700] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4529.568567] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.568670] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.569048] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.569120] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4529.585039] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.595090] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.600162] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4529.609379] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.623199] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.763077] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4529.764182] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.764299] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4529.764784] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.764865] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4529.780412] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4529.788177] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4529.790516] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4529.803121] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4529.818311] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4530.027936] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4530.029017] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.029131] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4530.029612] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.029691] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4530.045657] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.052206] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4530.057300] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4530.070458] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4530.086839] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4530.206142] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4530.206865] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.206955] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4530.207302] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.207336] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4530.223105] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.224214] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4530.234185] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4530.243977] add /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4530.247910] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4530.259226] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4530.262211] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4530.391019] add /module/nvidia (module)
KERNEL[4530.391904] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.391982] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4530.392415] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
KERNEL[4530.392468] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
UDEV [4530.408068] add /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4530.418642] add /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
KERNEL[4530.420181] remove /module/nvidia (module)
UDEV [4530.431689] remove /kernel/slab/:0012288 (slab)
UDEV [4530.445422] remove /bus/pci/drivers/nvidia-nvswitch (drivers)
我的lspci -k和dmesg输出，dmesg输出只是永远重复，如下所示：
[ 7645.281540] PKCS#7 signature not signed with a trusted key
[ 7645.295973] nvidia-nvlink: Nvlink Core is being initialized, major device number 240
[ 7645.296392] NVRM: No NVIDIA graphics adapter found!
[ 7645.296614] nvidia-nvlink: Unregistered the Nvlink Core, major device number 240
[ 7645.462797] PKCS#7 signature not signed with a trusted key
[ 7645.478302] nvidia-nvlink: Nvlink Core is being initialized, major device number 240
[ 7645.478703] NVRM: No NVIDIA graphics adapter found!
[ 7645.478886] nvidia-nvlink: Unregistered the Nvlink Core, major device number 240
ashutosh@ashutosh-Lenovo-G50-80:~$ man lspci
ashutosh@ashutosh-Lenovo-G50-80:~$ lspci -k
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Broadwell-U Host Bridge -OPI (rev 09)
Subsystem: Lenovo Broadwell-U Host Bridge -OPI
Kernel driver in use: bdw_uncore
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation HD Graphics 5500 (rev 09)
Subsystem: Lenovo HD Graphics 5500
Kernel driver in use: i915
Kernel modules: i915
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Broadwell-U Audio Controller (rev 09)
Subsystem: Lenovo Broadwell-U Audio Controller
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP USB xHCI Controller (rev 03)
Subsystem: Lenovo Wildcat Point-LP USB xHCI Controller
Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP MEI Controller #1 (rev 03)
Subsystem: Lenovo Wildcat Point-LP MEI Controller
Kernel driver in use: mei_me
Kernel modules: mei_me
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP High Definition Audio Controller (rev 03)
Subsystem: Lenovo Wildcat Point-LP High Definition Audio Controller
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP PCI Express Root Port #1 (rev e3)
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP PCI Express Root Port #3 (rev e3)
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP PCI Express Root Port #4 (rev e3)
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP PCI Express Root Port #5 (rev e3)
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP USB EHCI Controller (rev 03)
Subsystem: Lenovo Wildcat Point-LP USB EHCI Controller
Kernel driver in use: ehci-pci
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 03)
Subsystem: Lenovo Wildcat Point-LP LPC Controller
Kernel driver in use: lpc_ich
Kernel modules: lpc_ich
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP SATA Controller [AHCI Mode] (rev 03)
Subsystem: Lenovo Wildcat Point-LP SATA Controller [AHCI Mode]
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Wildcat Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 03)
Subsystem: Lenovo Wildcat Point-LP SMBus Controller
Kernel driver in use: i801_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_i801
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10)
Subsystem: Lenovo RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
Kernel driver in use: r8169
Kernel modules: r8169
03:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Limited BCM43142 802.11b/g/n (rev 01)
Subsystem: Lenovo BCM43142 802.11b/g/n
Kernel driver in use: wl
Kernel modules: wl
04:00.0 Display controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Sun LE [Radeon HD 8550M / R5 M230]
Subsystem: Lenovo Sun LE [Radeon HD 8550M / R5 M230]
Kernel driver in use: radeon
Kernel modules: radeon, amdgpu
我的膝上型电脑是一台普通的、无趣的机器，有两个标准的、未复用的 GPU 和一个普通的 Debian stretch 安装。辅助 GPU（Radeon）通常断电，但我可以通过（例如）激活和使用它DRI_PRIME=1 glxgears。Mesa 的源文件src/loader/loader.c管理它。
是DRI_PRIME无证？
我想阅读文档但找不到。奇怪的是，它不在这里。此外，谷歌无法找到它。如果你知道文档在哪里，你会告诉吗？
切换 GPU 是一个相当重要的系统功能。有人会认为执行它的机制会被彻底记录下来，但我能找到的只是一些倾斜的更新日志条目和一些像这样的在线知识。
附加信息
您不需要 Debian 来回答我的问题。任何 Linux 都应该这样做。
如果希望开始了解 GPU 切换的读者在这里绊倒，他可以尝试sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/vgaswitcheroo/switch然后阅读Linux 内核源代码中的html/newstyle/gpu/vga-switcheroo.html。还有，man 8 lspci。我花了两个小时才弄清楚这么多，所以我在这里提一下，以节省读者的时间。
DRI_PRIME同时，请问Mesa 环境变量的正确文档在哪里？
我想知道 Linux 如何处理游戏玩家计算机，所以我构建了一个，但我们知道 GeForce 不像 AMD 那样喜欢 Linux，这就是我选择最后一个的原因。
我用 AMD Ryzen 7 1800X CPU 和 Radeon RX 560D GPU 构建了一台计算机，因为 Vega 对我来说太贵了，而且基准测试表明 560 是目前最好的成本效益比。
经过一番研究，我发现后缀 D 意味着与没有 D 的 RX560 相比，它的时钟速度略低一些，以节省一些功耗。
在随机游戏无数次崩溃后，我终于发现问题是GPU过热，它的风扇速度倾向于跟随CPU风扇速度，但当然在某些游戏中CPU比GPU要求低得多。
我通过根据GPU温度而不是CPU自定义风扇速度部分解决了这个问题，它现在逐渐增长，并在50摄氏度时达到最高速度，但问题是：在某些游戏中它一直保持在最高速度，最终仍然崩溃。
描述崩溃：屏幕闪烁然后变黑，GPU风扇停止，键盘指示灯闪烁然后关闭，鼠标相同，其他CPU风扇保持，有时系统永远冻结，有时系统自动重启。
由于需要重新启动，我在系统日志上找不到任何提示，最初我认为这是内核崩溃，但即使使用kdump并复制内核，系统仍然会崩溃，我无法恢复它。
我不知道 Windows 是否会遇到同样的问题，但我坚信不会，我从未见过有人在 Windows 上遇到同样的问题，所以我的问题是：有一些方法可以告诉内核让 GPU 轻松应对当它即将过热时，也许只是自动降低GPU时钟速度？
我最近遇到了一些困难，我想编写一个脚本来自动登录到嵌套服务器以收集每个服务器的一些信息：（具体来说，用于nvidia-smi收集GPU usage info每台机器上的信息）
嵌套的服务器结构是这样的：（
user@boss）user@machine1, user@machine2, user@machine3, ...通常我们必须使用ssh登录user@boss，然后ssh到特定的机器来做我们的工作，但不方便监控所有机器的 GPU 使用情况，我尝试编写一个脚本，如：
sshpass -p "xxxx" ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no [email protected]
for v in machine1 machine2
do
sshpass -p "xxxx" ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no v
echo $v
nvidia-smi
done
但它只登录到user@boss，我不熟悉服务器的东西，user@boss是根节点，然后machine1，machine2，......是子节点？有人可以帮忙吗？（注意我没有root权限）
添加服务器，包括 user@boss 和 user@machine1, user@machine2, ... 都没有sshpass安装，只ssh支持