一周后我的电脑变得不稳定。首先，我换了电源。之后，我删除了板载显卡，但没有效果。所以昨天，它再也无法识别我的硬盘了。
我将备份到另一个磁盘（Seagate - /dev/sda）并连接到我的计算机，在那里我启动了一个 live usb Ubuntu 19.04。同样的问题，同样的问题。
我更换了 SATA 电缆，但没有效果。我的主板会不会有问题？如何确定？看/var/log/syslog：
Jul 2 03:54:19 ubuntu kernel: [ 534.106089] ata3: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 310)
Jul 2 03:54:19 ubuntu kernel: [ 534.111029] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:54:22 ubuntu kernel: [ 537.142692] ata3.00: limiting speed to UDMA/66:PIO4
Jul 2 03:54:23 ubuntu kernel: [ 538.533689] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 310)
Jul 2 03:54:23 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.045598] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 310)
Jul 2 03:54:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.669548] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 310)
Jul 2 03:54:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.669562] ata3.00: disabled
Jul 2 03:54:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.669605] ata3.00: detaching (SCSI 1:0:0:0)
Jul 2 03:54:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.670387] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronizing SCSI cache
Jul 2 03:54:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.670463] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronize Cache(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:54:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.670464] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Stopping disk
Jul 2 03:54:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 539.670474] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Start/Stop Unit failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:54:26 ubuntu kernel: [ 541.081380] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:26 ubuntu kernel: [ 541.869319] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:28 ubuntu kernel: [ 543.197234] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:29 ubuntu kernel: [ 544.768994] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 546.020889] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:32 ubuntu kernel: [ 547.192770] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 549.776532] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:39 ubuntu kernel: [ 554.148010] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:40 ubuntu kernel: [ 555.336006] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:41 ubuntu kernel: [ 556.363786] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:42 ubuntu kernel: [ 557.587707] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:44 ubuntu kernel: [ 559.179482] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:46 ubuntu kernel: [ 561.271270] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:47 ubuntu kernel: [ 562.595122] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:49 ubuntu kernel: [ 564.951089] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.634383] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.636432] ata3.00: ATA-8: ST3320418AS, HP35, max UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.636436] ata3.00: 625142448 sectors, multi 0: LBA48 NCQ (depth 32)
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.637630] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.637901] scsi 1:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA ST3320418AS HP35 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.638272] sd 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.638471] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] 625142448 512-byte logical blocks: (320 GB/298 GiB)
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.638508] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.638513] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.638574] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.662634] sda: sda1
Jul 2 03:54:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 569.663234] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
Jul 2 03:55:00 ubuntu kernel: [ 575.310210] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:01 ubuntu kernel: [ 576.770183] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:05 ubuntu kernel: [ 580.946313] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:05 ubuntu kernel: [ 580.950170] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:55:09 ubuntu kernel: [ 584.886512] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:12 ubuntu kernel: [ 587.330555] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:15 ubuntu kernel: [ 590.170690] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:15 ubuntu kernel: [ 590.170699] ata3.00: disabled
Jul 2 03:55:15 ubuntu kernel: [ 590.170726] ata3.00: detaching (SCSI 1:0:0:0)
Jul 2 03:55:15 ubuntu kernel: [ 590.171468] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronizing SCSI cache
Jul 2 03:55:15 ubuntu kernel: [ 590.171525] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronize Cache(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:55:15 ubuntu kernel: [ 590.171527] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Stopping disk
Jul 2 03:55:15 ubuntu kernel: [ 590.171541] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Start/Stop Unit failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.794782] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.797136] ata3.00: ATA-8: ST3320418AS, HP35, max UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.797139] ata3.00: 625142448 sectors, multi 0: LBA48 NCQ (depth 32)
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.798305] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.798768] scsi 1:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA ST3320418AS HP35 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.799213] sd 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.799302] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] 625142448 512-byte logical blocks: (320 GB/298 GiB)
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.799339] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.799343] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.799407] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.826275] sda: sda1
Jul 2 03:55:18 ubuntu kernel: [ 593.827205] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
Jul 2 03:55:20 ubuntu kernel: [ 595.850781] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 599.638908] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 599.641118] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:55:48 ubuntu kernel: [ 623.751095] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:48 ubuntu kernel: [ 623.753207] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:55:52 ubuntu kernel: [ 627.931107] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:54 ubuntu kernel: [ 629.271019] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:55 ubuntu kernel: [ 630.675042] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:55 ubuntu kernel: [ 630.675052] ata3.00: disabled
Jul 2 03:55:55 ubuntu kernel: [ 630.675077] ata3.00: detaching (SCSI 1:0:0:0)
Jul 2 03:55:55 ubuntu kernel: [ 630.676096] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronizing SCSI cache
Jul 2 03:55:55 ubuntu kernel: [ 630.676185] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronize Cache(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:55:55 ubuntu kernel: [ 630.676187] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Stopping disk
Jul 2 03:55:55 ubuntu kernel: [ 630.676207] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Start/Stop Unit failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:55:56 ubuntu kernel: [ 631.751033] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:55:58 ubuntu kernel: [ 633.507040] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.058988] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.059985] ata3.00: ATA-8: ST3320418AS, HP35, max UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.059989] ata3.00: 625142448 sectors, multi 0: LBA48 NCQ (depth 32)
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.061154] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.061486] scsi 1:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA ST3320418AS HP35 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.061998] sd 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.062154] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] 625142448 512-byte logical blocks: (320 GB/298 GiB)
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.062200] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.062205] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.062319] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.082535] sda: sda1
Jul 2 03:56:03 ubuntu kernel: [ 638.083245] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
Jul 2 03:56:06 ubuntu kernel: [ 641.494923] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:10 ubuntu kernel: [ 645.418825] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:10 ubuntu kernel: [ 645.420956] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:56:24 ubuntu kernel: [ 659.534520] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:25 ubuntu kernel: [ 660.878488] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.126422] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.126428] ata3.00: link offline, clearing class 1 to NONE
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.126432] ata3.00: disabled
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.126452] ata3.00: detaching (SCSI 1:0:0:0)
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.128530] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronizing SCSI cache
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.128620] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Synchronize Cache(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.128624] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Stopping disk
Jul 2 03:56:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 665.128643] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Start/Stop Unit failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.378302] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.379356] ata3.00: ATA-8: ST3320418AS, HP35, max UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.379360] ata3.00: 625142448 sectors, multi 0: LBA48 NCQ (depth 32)
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.380574] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.380899] scsi 1:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA ST3320418AS HP35 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.381373] sd 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.381517] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] 625142448 512-byte logical blocks: (320 GB/298 GiB)
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.381557] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.381562] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.381625] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.405122] sda: sda1
Jul 2 03:56:34 ubuntu kernel: [ 669.406033] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
Jul 2 03:56:38 ubuntu kernel: [ 673.398176] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:56:38 ubuntu kernel: [ 673.400276] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:57:17 ubuntu kernel: [ 712.276529] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:57:17 ubuntu kernel: [ 712.278692] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:58:45 ubuntu kernel: [ 800.038954] ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:58:48 ubuntu kernel: [ 803.874648] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
Jul 2 03:58:48 ubuntu kernel: [ 803.877529] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:59:17 ubuntu kernel: [ 832.442664] ata3: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
Jul 2 03:59:21 ubuntu kernel: [ 836.076128] ata3: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 310)
Jul 2 03:59:21 ubuntu kernel: [ 836.078255] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
Jul 2 03:59:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 845.307380] ata3: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 310)
Jul 2 03:59:30 ubuntu kernel: [ 845.309606] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/100
看看我的系统尝试以 1.5 Gbps 和 3.0 Gbps、UDMA/100 和 UDMA/66 交替连接。
诡异的！我有另一个完全稳定的磁盘（SAMSUNG - /dev/sdb）。看lshw -C disk：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo lshw -C disk
*-disk
descrição: SCSI Disk
produto: Flash Disk
fabricante: Generic
ID físico: 0.0.0
informações do barramento: scsi@6:0.0.0
nome lógico: /dev/sdc
nome lógico: /cdrom
versão: 8.07
serial: A
tamanho: 14GiB (15GB)
capacidades: removable
configuração: ansiversion=4 logicalsectorsize=512 mount.fstype=iso9660 mount.options=ro,noatime,nojoliet,check=s,map=n,blocksize=2048 sectorsize=512 state=mounted
*-medium
ID físico: 0
nome lógico: /dev/sdc
nome lógico: /cdrom
tamanho: 14GiB (15GB)
capacidades: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuração: mount.fstype=iso9660 mount.options=ro,noatime,nojoliet,check=s,map=n,blocksize=2048 signature=46f8e7bf state=mounted
*-disk
descrição: ATA Disk
produto: ST3320418AS
fabricante: Seagate
ID físico: 0.0.0
informações do barramento: scsi@1:0.0.0
nome lógico: /dev/sda
versão: HP35
serial: 9VML55HS
tamanho: 298GiB (320GB)
capacidades: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuração: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=ed9b4215
*-disk
descrição: ATA Disk
produto: SAMSUNG HD502HI
ID físico: 0.0.0
informações do barramento: scsi@3:0.0.0
nome lógico: /dev/sdb
versão: 1118
serial: S1ZVJ50S605672
tamanho: 465GiB (500GB)
capacidades: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuração: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=00070686
fdisk -l
sudo fdisk -l
Disco /dev/sdb: 465,8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 setores
Disk model: SAMSUNG HD502HI
Unidades: setor de 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Tamanho de setor (lógico/físico): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Tamanho E/S (mínimo/ótimo): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Tipo de rótulo do disco: dos
Identificador do disco: 0x00070686
Dispositivo Inicializar Início Fim Setores Tamanho Id Tipo
/dev/sdb1 * 2048 368642047 368640000 175,8G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 737282048 976773119 239491072 114,2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 368642048 733186047 364544000 173,8G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 733186048 737282047 4096000 2G 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partições lógicas fora da ordem do disco.
Disco /dev/sdc: 14,5 GiB, 15581839360 bytes, 30433280 setores
Disk model: Flash Disk
Unidades: setor de 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Tamanho de setor (lógico/físico): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Tamanho E/S (mínimo/ótimo): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Tipo de rótulo do disco: dos
Identificador do disco: 0x46f8e7bf
Dispositivo Inicializar Início Fim Setores Tamanho Id Tipo
/dev/sdc1 * 0 4095999 4096000 2G 0 Vazia
/dev/sdc2 4066772 4074259 7488 3,7M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
Disco /dev/sda: 298,1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 setores
Disk model: ST3320418AS
Unidades: setor de 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Tamanho de setor (lógico/físico): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Tamanho E/S (mínimo/ótimo): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Tipo de rótulo do disco: dos
Identificador do disco: 0xed9b4215
Dispositivo Inicializar Início Fim Setores Tamanho Id Tipo
/dev/sda1 2048 625141759 625139712 298,1G 83 Linux
有任何想法吗？
