user3215's questions

以下 LDAP URL 身份验证不适用于 ubuntu 14.04 LTS 服务器上的 mediawiki，它在 ubuntu 9.10 服务器上运行。

cat /etc/apache2/sites-available/global.conf

<Directory /mediawiki>
        Options +FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride all
        order allow,deny
        allow from all


AuthType Basic
            AuthName "Web Site Authentication: Login with your user id"
            AuthBasicProvider ldap
            #AuthzLDAPAuthoritative on
            AuthLDAPURL "ldap://192.168.1.3:389/dc=mydomain,dc=net?uid"
            AuthLDAPBindDN "cn=admin,dc=mydomain,dc=net"
            AuthLDAPBindPassword secret
            Require valid-user
</Directory>

在某种意义上不起作用，它根本不提示进行身份验证，只是允许访问。没有错误。Ubuntu 14.04 有很多变化，比如 web 根目录在 apache 2.4 中更改为 /var/www/html，AuthzLDAPAuthoritative已被弃用（这就是注释的原因）......

000-defaults如果我在用 /var/www/html 替换 /mediawiki 时粘贴相同的代码，那么它会提示进行身份验证以访问http://192.168.1.3. 但对http://192.168.1.3/mediawiki

我在 apache 2.4.7 中遗漏了什么吗？我很困惑，有人知道吗？

上周我严格按照链接（使用屏幕工具除外）将我的一个 10.04 LTS 升级到 12.04 LTS，并且升级成功。同样，当我尝试将另一个 10.04 LTS 升级到 12.04 LTS 时，我在 apt 更新/获取时遇到错误，我无法复制粘贴屏幕上的所有内容，因为我正在直接连接机器而不是进行升级通过 ssh 但仍然设法截取下面的屏幕截图，这是它结束的地方：

下面是我的 sources.list 文件

    # 
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu-Server 10.04.2 LTS _Lucid Lynx_ - Release i386 (20110211.1)]/ lucid main restricted

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu-Server 10.04.2 LTS _Lucid Lynx_ - Release i386 (20110211.1)]/ lucid main restricted
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security multiverse

有人知道如何解决这个问题吗？谢谢！。

更新：1

我尝试将 sources.list 更改为不同的来源，但结果是一样的。

/var/log/dist-upgrade/main.log

    2014-05-05 12:13:34,904 DEBUG Upgrade: apache2 apache2-mpm-prefork apache2-utils apache2.2-bin apache2.2-common apparmor apparmor-utils apport apt apt-cacher apt-transport-https apt-utils aptitude avahi-daemon base-files bash bash-completion bind9-host binutils bsdmainutils byobu bzip2 ca-certificates command-not-found command-not-found-data console-setup coreutils cpio cpp cpp-4.4 cpu-checker cron debianutils dhcp3-client dhcp3-common dnsutils dpkg dpkg-dev e2fslibs e2fsprogs elinks-lite file fontconfig-config friendly-recovery fuse-utils g++ g++-4.4 gcc gcc-4.4 gcc-4.4-base gnupg gnupg-curl groff-base grub-common grub-pc icedtea-6-jre-cacao ifupdown info initscripts insserv installation-report iproute iptables iputils-arping iputils-ping kbd language-selector-common libacl1 libapache2-mod-perl2 libapache2-mod-perl2-dev libapache2-mod-php5 libapparmor-perl libapparmor1 libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap libapt-inst1.4 libapt-pkg-perl libapt-pkg4.12 libasound2 libatm1 libattr1 libauthen-pam-perl libavahi-client3 libavahi-common3 libberkeleydb-perl libblkid1 libbsd-resource-perl libbsd0 libbz2-1.0 libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libcap2 libcomerr2 libcups2 libcurl3 libcurl3-gnutls libcwidget3 libdb4.8 libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libdbus-1-3 libdbus-glib-1-2 libdrm-intel1 libdrm-radeon1 libdrm2 libedit2 libelf1 libexpat1 libexpat1-dev libflac8 libfontconfig1 libfontconfig1-dev libfreetype6 libfreetype6-dev libfuse2 libgcc1 libgcrypt11 libgd2-xpm libgdbm3 libgif4 libglib2.0-0 libgnutls26 libgomp1 libgpg-error0 libgpm2 libgssapi-krb5-2 libhtml-parser-perl libice-dev libice6 libidn11 libio-interface-perl libio-pty-perl libjpeg62 libjpeg62-dev libk5crypto3 libkeyutils1 libkrb5-3 libkrb5support0 liblcms1 libldap-2.4-2 liblocale-gettext-perl liblockfile1 libltdl7 libmagic1 libncurses5 libncursesw5 libnet-ssleay-perl libnewt0.52 libnih-dbus1 libnih1 libnl1 libnspr4-0d libnss3-1d libogg0 libpam-modules libpam0g libparted0debian1 libpcap0.8 libpci3 libpcre3 libpcsclite1 libplymouth2 libpng12-0 libpng12-dev libpopt0 libpulse0 libreadline6 librpc-xml-perl libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libselinux1 libsepol1 libsigc++-2.0-0c2a libslang2 libsm-dev libsm6 libsndfile1 libsqlite3-0 libss2 libssl0.9.8 libstdc++6 libstdc++6-4.4-dev libsub-name-perl libtalloc2 libtasn1-3 libterm-readkey-perl libtext-charwidth-perl libtext-iconv-perl libudev0 libusb-0.1-4 libuuid1 libvorbis0a libvorbisenc2 libwbclient0 libwrap0 libwww-curl-perl libwww-perl libx11-6 libx11-data libx11-dev libxau-dev libxau6 libxcb1 libxcb1-dev libxdmcp-dev libxdmcp6 libxext6 libxfont1 libxi6 libxml-libxml-perl libxml-parser-perl libxml-sax-perl libxml2 libxmuu1 libxpm-dev libxpm4 libxrender1 libxt-dev libxt6 libxtst6 linux-generic-pae linux-headers-generic-pae linux-image-generic-pae locales logrotate lsb-release man-db module-init-tools mount mountall mysql-common mysql-server nano ncurses-bin net-tools ntfs-3g ntpdate odbcinst openjdk-6-jdk openjdk-6-jre openjdk-6-jre-headless openjdk-6-jre-lib openssh-client openssh-server openssl os-prober parted passwd pciutils perl perl-base perl-modules php-pear php5 php5-cli php5-common php5-curl php5-gd php5-mysql pkg-config plymouth procps psmisc python python-apport python-apt python-dbus python-gdbm python-gnupginterface python-gobject python-httplib2 python-launchpadlib python-lazr.restfulclient python-lazr.uri python-minimal python-newt python-oauth python-openssl python-pam python-pexpect python-problem-report python-pycurl python-serial python-simplejson python-smartpm python-twisted-bin python-twisted-core python-wadllib python-zope.interface rsync rsyslog samba samba-common samba-common-bin sudo sysvinit-utils tar tcpdump ubuntu-minimal udev ufw unixodbc update-manager-core update-notifier-common upstart ureadahead usbutils util-linux uuid-runtime vim vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny w3m wget whiptail wireless-crda wireless-tools wpasupplicant x11proto-core-dev xfonts-utils xkb-data xz-utils zlib1g zlib1g-dev
2014-05-05 12:13:34,910 DEBUG apt btrfs snapshots supported: False
2014-05-05 12:13:34,910 DEBUG cache aufs_rw_dir: /tmp/
2014-05-05 12:13:34,911 DEBUG Free space on /: 42229010432
2014-05-05 12:13:34,911 DEBUG Dir /usr mounted on /
2014-05-05 12:13:34,912 DEBUG Dir /var mounted on /
2014-05-05 12:13:34,912 DEBUG Dir /boot mounted on /
2014-05-05 12:13:34,913 DEBUG Dir /var/cache/apt/archives mounted on /
2014-05-05 12:13:34,913 DEBUG Dir /tmp mounted on /
2014-05-05 12:13:34,914 DEBUG Dir /home mounted on /
2014-05-05 12:13:34,914 DEBUG Dir /tmp mounted on /
2014-05-05 12:13:34,914 DEBUG fs_free contains: '{'/var': <DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>, '/tmp': <DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>, '/usr': <DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>, '/boot': <DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>, '/home': <DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>, '/': <DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>, '/var/cache/apt/archives': <DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>}'
2014-05-05 12:13:35,540 DEBUG linux-image-3.2.0-61-generic-pae (new-install) added with 19135549 to boot space
2014-05-05 12:13:36,217 DEBUG dir '/var/cache/apt/archives' needs '76120226' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (42229010432.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,220 DEBUG dir '/usr' needs '317531136' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (42152890206.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,220 DEBUG dir '/usr' needs '52428800' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (41835359070.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,220 DEBUG dir '/boot' needs '19135549' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (41782930270.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,220 DEBUG dir '/tmp' needs '5242880' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (41763794721.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,220 DEBUG dir '/' needs '10485760' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (41758551841.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,221 DEBUG dir '/tmp' needs '0.0' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (41748066081.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,221 DEBUG dir '/usr' needs '0.0' of '<DistUpgradeCache.FreeSpace object at 0x91b53ac>' (41748066081.000000)
2014-05-05 12:13:36,233 DEBUG demoted: 'python-smartpm python-central'
2014-05-05 12:13:36,233 DEBUG found components: {'precise': set(['restricted', 'main', 'multiverse', 'universe']), 'precise-security': set(['restricted', 'main', 'multiverse', 'universe']), 'precise-updates': set(['restricted', 'main', 'multiverse', 'universe'])}
2014-05-05 12:13:42,216 DEBUG abort called
2014-05-05 12:13:42,220 DEBUG openCache()
2014-05-05 12:13:42,220 DEBUG failed to SystemUnLock() (E:Not locked) 
2014-05-05 12:13:44,763 DEBUG /openCache(), new cache size 31947
2014-05-05 12:13:44,772 DEBUG enabling apt cron job

lsb_release -a

No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 10.04.4 LTS
Release:    10.04
Codename:   lucid

我为其中一个云服务器（ubuntu）购买/注册了一个域名mydomain.net，它指向服务器（nslookup）。我已经使用域安装了 DNS(bind) 服务mydomain.net。现在我正在尝试为其他云服务器添加一些主机记录（都具有静态公共 ip），以便我可以在任何地方使用分配为 DNS 中主机记录的名称全局访问它们。

我添加了一些主机（我使用 webmin 来管理 DNS）用于名称和 ip 解析，但我无法解析它们的名称。

很多时候，我安装和配置了没有公开注册域名的本地 dns 服务器。但是我不明白为全局名称解析运行 DNS 背后的概念是什么。任何人都可以在这里告诉我是否真的可能。

编辑：1

我已经为我的 DNS ip 204.xxx 添加了名称服务器my-dns-hostname-here.mydomain.net，还为我的 DNS ip 204.xxx 添加了如下主机记录

my-dns-hostname-here.mydomain.net
mediawiki.mydomain.net

当我对上述主机记录进行 nslookup 时，它没有解决它们

编辑：2

作为一个过程，我将在 /etc/resolv.conf 中添加domain mydomain.com&nameserver dns-ip-here条目，同时执行本地 dns 服务器，但在云 dns 服务器中我没有，但 ISP 的 dns 服务器 ips。如果我必须更改它，那么我可能必须重新启动我无法做到的云服务器，因为它是生产服务器之一。

编辑：3

输出dig mydomain.net：我已经编辑以避免安全问题

; <<>> DiG 9.7.0-P1 <<>> mydomain.net
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 42599
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;mydomain.net.      IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
mydomain.net.   1000    IN  A   204.x.x.x

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
mydomain.net.   3600    IN  NS  dns1.stabletransit.com.
mydomain.net.   3600    IN  NS  dns2.stabletransit.com.

;; Query time: 239 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Wed May  4 14:29:00 2011
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 104

我正在使用一个名为 Responser 的脚本，当我的任何网站出现故障/缓慢时，它会发送电子邮件。我只是想检查它是否仅在站点确实关闭或速度很慢时才发送邮件（因为我检查了它在收到错误邮件后立即访问并且站点很好）。我想使用它，wget因为它显示了速度和响应时间，我想安排它与我的响应脚本进行比较，是否两者同时发送邮件说错误。

我已经安装了后缀，我可以使用mail命令从终端向任何电子邮件 ID 发送邮件。如果响应时间大于 5 秒，我希望将输出与条件一起邮寄。然后我可以安排它每 5 分钟运行一次。我在这里看到很多人有很好的编程技能，希望有人能帮助我。wget http://www.mysite.com

谢谢！

我有一个巨大的文件，其中包含如下条目：

<option value="201">Medical</option>
<option value="203">Finance</option>
<option value="205">Tax Return</option>
---------------------------
---------------------------

我正在尝试一次性删除此文件中的“选项”条目，以便该文件在编辑后如下所示：

Medical
Finance
Tax Return
----------
----------

如果我可以使用 vim 或 gedit 执行此操作，我在 google 中进行了搜索，但没有找到与此相关的任何内容（不知道使用什么关键字搜索）。请问有人有什么想法吗？

如何从与文件中的“错误”一词匹配的行中列出前 10 行或后 10 行。

我grep 'error' /var/log/logfile.log > errors用来打印并保存与单词“error”匹配的行到名为“errors”的文件中。我怎样才能改变它以适应我的要求？有人有什么想法吗？

我正在将我的 Ubuntu 8.10 服务器迁移到 10.04。是否有任何脚本可以将用户/etc/passwd和组/etc/group以及密码/etc/shadow从一台服务器迁移到另一台服务器？

我正在按照Ubuntu 服务器指南在 Ubuntu 10.04 服务器上配置 OpenLDAP，但无法使其正常工作。

当我尝试使用时sudo ldapadd -x -D cn=admin,dc=don,dc=com -W -f frontend.ldif，出现以下错误：

Enter LDAP Password: <entered 'secret' as password>
adding new entry "dc=don,dc=com"
ldap_add: Naming violation (64)
      additional info: value of single-valued naming attribute 'dc' conflicts with value present in entry

当我再次尝试做同样的事情时，我收到以下错误：

root@avy-desktop:/home/avy# sudo ldapadd -x -D cn=admin,dc=don,dc=com -W -f frontend.ldif
Enter LDAP Password:
ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49)

这是backend.ldif文件：

# Load dynamic backend modules
dn: cn=module,cn=config
objectClass: olcModuleList
cn: module
olcModulepath: /usr/lib/ldap
olcModuleload: back_hdb

# Database settings
dn: olcDatabase=hdb,cn=config
objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig
objectClass: olcHdbConfig
olcDatabase: {1}hdb
olcSuffix: dc=don,dc=com
olcDbDirectory: /var/lib/ldap
olcRootDN: cn=admin,dc=don,dc=com
olcRootPW: secret
olcDbConfig: set_cachesize 0 2097152 0
olcDbConfig: set_lk_max_objects 1500
olcDbConfig: set_lk_max_locks 1500
olcDbConfig: set_lk_max_lockers 1500
olcDbIndex: objectClass eq
olcLastMod: TRUE
olcDbCheckpoint: 512 30
olcAccess: to attrs=userPassword by dn="cn=admin,dc=don,dc=com" write by anonymous auth by self write by * none
olcAccess: to attrs=shadowLastChange by self write by * read
olcAccess: to dn.base="" by * read
olcAccess: to * by dn="cn=admin,dc=don,dc=com" write by * read

frontend.ldif文件：

# Create top-level object in domain
dn: dc=don,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: dcObject
objectclass: organization
o: Example Organization
dc: Example
description: LDAP Example 

# Admin user.
dn: cn=admin,dc=don,dc=com
objectClass: simpleSecurityObject
objectClass: organizationalRole
cn: admin
description: LDAP administrator
userPassword: secret

dn: ou=people,dc=don,dc=com
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: people

dn: ou=groups,dc=don,dc=com
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: groups

dn: uid=john,ou=people,dc=don,dc=com
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
objectClass: posixAccount
objectClass: shadowAccount
uid: john
sn: Doe
givenName: John
cn: John Doe
displayName: John Doe
uidNumber: 1000
gidNumber: 10000
userPassword: password
gecos: John Doe
loginShell: /bin/bash
homeDirectory: /home/john
shadowExpire: -1
shadowFlag: 0
shadowWarning: 7
shadowMin: 8
shadowMax: 999999
shadowLastChange: 10877
mail: [email protected]
postalCode: 31000
l: Toulouse
o: Example
mobile: +33 (0)6 xx xx xx xx
homePhone: +33 (0)5 xx xx xx xx
title: System Administrator
postalAddress:
initials: JD

dn: cn=example,ou=groups,dc=don,dc=com
objectClass: posixGroup
cn: example
gidNumber: 10000

谁能帮我？

我安装了postfix邮件代理并配置了 gmail 中继，我可以从终端发送邮件，如下所示：

root@statino1:~# mail -s "subject_here" [email protected]
CC: <hit enter for empty cc>

Type the mesage here
press Ctrl+d

我必须将日志文件内容作为邮件发送并安排它每天运行。

如何将日志文件内容作为邮件消息发送，如何自动输入mail命令？这样我就可以安排它。有人有什么想法吗？

我正在运行 ubuntu(8.10) ldap 服务器。我正在从我的旧服务器迁移到 ubuntu 10.04.2 服务器，并且我几乎在新服务器上进行了全新设置。安装 ldap 后如何将 ldap 完美迁移到新服务器？

我在google中找到了以下导出和导入ldap的方法：

slapcat -l master.ldif
slapadd -c -l master.ldif

在使用这些命令之前/之后我有什么需要做的吗？有什么预防措施吗？

编辑 1：我无法按照链接重新配置 ldap 服务器：错误：

root@station3:`# ldapadd -D cn=admin,dc=mydomain,dc=com -W -f front-end.ldif 
Enter LDAP Password: 
ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49)

我在 9.04、9.10、10.04 桌面上为我的 google 托管邮件域使用 Empathy IM Client。我可以从谷歌邮件聊天聊天到 Empathy，我已经设置了移情通知，以便在收到消息并弹出消息时得到通知。每当它弹出时，它都会显示发件人的完整消息，我不喜欢/希望将消息显示给所有查看我桌面的人。

有什么我可以做的，以便在弹出移情时不显示实际消息，而是显示任何类似于"You have got a new message"？的消息。

是否有任何适用于 Ubuntu 的软件包允许我连接到远程计算机而不会干扰或终止已经连接到该服务器或直接访问该计算机的其他人？

我记得我在Windows Server 2003安装Terminal Server课程时这样做了，它允许多个客户端同时连接到服务器，而不会干扰客户端，甚至可以直接访问服务器。

Ubuntu桌面有这样的软件包吗？

当我尝试在我的一台 Rackspace 云服务器上使用 iptables 命令时，我收到以下错误。

在尝试应用 iptables 规则时iptables-apply -t 120 /etc/iptables.rules，iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.rules我得到了下一个错误：

FATAL: Could not load /lib/modules/2.6.32.4-rscloud/modules.dep: No such file or directory
iptables-restore v1.4.4: iptables-restore: unable to initialize table 'filter'

Error occurred at line: 2
Try `iptables-restore -h' or 'iptables-restore --help' for more information.

我该如何解决？

编辑 1：

unname -r：

2.6.32.4-rscloud

modprobe /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_filter.ko ：

FATAL: Could not load /lib/modules/2.6.32.4-rscloud/modules.dep: No such file or directory

ls: cannot access /lib/modules/2.6.32.4-rscloud/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter/: No such file or directory

apt-cache 搜索 linux-image- * ：

alsa-base - ALSA driver configuration files
linux-image-2.6.31-14-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-14-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-14-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-302-ec2 - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-9-rt - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on Ingo Molnar's full real time preemption patch
linux-image-rt - Rt Linux kernel image
rt2400-source - source for rt2400 wireless network driver
rt2500-source - source for rt2500 wireless network driver
rt2570-source - source for rt2570 wireless network driver
linux-image - Generic Linux kernel image.
linux-image-2.6.31-15-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-15-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-15-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-16-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-16-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-16-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-17-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-17-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-17-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-19-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-19-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-19-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-20-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-20-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-20-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-21-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-21-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-21-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-304-ec2 - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-305-ec2 - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-306-ec2 - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-ec2 - Linux kernel image for ec2 machines
linux-image-generic - Generic Linux kernel image
linux-image-server - Linux kernel image on Server Equipment.
linux-image-virtual - Linux kernel image for virtual machines
linux-image-2.6.31-22-generic - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-22-server - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-22-virtual - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64
linux-image-2.6.31-307-ec2 - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.31 on x86/x86_64

可能重复：
将 Ubuntu 服务器从 8.10 更新到 10.04

我计划将 ubuntu 8.10 vbox vm 服务器升级到 LTS（显然是 10.04），因为 8.10 不支持。据我所知，我将执行以下升级：

apt-get install update-manager-core
do-release-upgrade

任何人都可以告诉我如何从备用 iso 映像升级 ubuntu 服务器（用于桌面编辑的备用 iso 映像是否与服务器相同？）？

我听说可以将 LTS 直接升级到另一个 LTS，在将 8.10 升级到 9.04 然后直接升级到 10.04 跳过 9.10 之后我怎么能这样做？

8.10 服务器托管了许多服务/应用程序/数据库，如 apache2、tomcat6、ldap、mysql、cvs ......我不确定升级后它们是否都可以正常工作。如果在升级之前我必须采取任何预防措施，请任何人告诉我（当然备份，我不会备份，因为我将在 vdi/vmdk vms 的副本上尝试此操作）

谢谢！

是否有任何特定的cp命令包显示被复制的过程。

我想知道是否有任何包 cp 显示已复制的内容和剩余的内容或已复制的百分比等附加信息。任何机构使用任何？

我在 ubuntu 桌面上共享了一个 samba 文件夹。从 Windows 访问时，有没有办法禁用 ubuntu 共享文件夹密码提示？

任何人都可以帮助我解决 Ubuntu 9.04 桌面版上的音频问题吗？出于某种原因，我必须保持此操作系统不升级，并且几个月来我一直在尝试解决音频问题。它在升级版本（9.10、10.04）上运行良好，但在 jaunty 上运行良好。

播放-l：

**** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 0: ALC883 Analog [ALC883 Analog]
  Subdevices: 0/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 1: ALC883 Digital [ALC883 Digital]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0

lsmod | grep snd：

snd_hda_intel         436148  7 
snd_pcm_oss            46336  0 
snd_mixer_oss          22656  1 snd_pcm_oss
snd_pcm                83076  4 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm_oss
snd_seq_dummy          10756  0 
snd_seq_oss            37760  0 
snd_seq_midi           14336  0 
snd_rawmidi            29696  1 snd_seq_midi
snd_seq_midi_event     15104  2 snd_seq_oss,snd_seq_midi
snd_seq                56880  6 snd_seq_dummy,snd_seq_oss,snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event
snd_timer              29704  2 snd_pcm,snd_seq
snd_seq_device         14988  5 snd_seq_dummy,snd_seq_oss,snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq
snd                    62756  21 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm_oss,snd_mixer_oss,snd_pcm,snd_seq_oss,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device
soundcore              15200  1 snd
snd_page_alloc         16904  2 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm

猫 /proc/asound/卡：

 0 [Intel          ]: HDA-Intel - HDA Intel
                      HDA Intel at 0xe1280000 irq 16

猫 /proc/asound/版本：

Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.18rc3.

vim /etc/模块：

# /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time.
#
# This file contains the names of kernel modules that should be loaded
# at boot time, one per line. Lines beginning with "#" are ignored.

lp

音频设置：

我在系统启动时收到以下错误消息。该系统需要很长时间才能启动，我无法理解它在说什么以及为什么。该操作系统最近已安装（3 周前）。以下是 /var/log/dmesg 文件的最后几行。请任何人告诉我是否可以解决。谢谢！

[   10.049830] type=1505 audit(1295344306.586:13): operation="profile_replace" pid=850 name=/usr/share/gdm/guest-session/Xsession
[   10.051165] type=1505 audit(1295344306.586:14): operation="profile_replace" pid=851 name=/sbin/dhclient3
[   10.051744] type=1505 audit(1295344306.586:15): operation="profile_replace" pid=851 name=/usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-client.action
[   10.052058] type=1505 audit(1295344306.590:16): operation="profile_replace" pid=851 name=/usr/lib/connman/scripts/dhclient-script
[   10.055205] type=1505 audit(1295344306.590:17): operation="profile_replace" pid=852 name=/usr/bin/evince
[   10.064843] type=1505 audit(1295344306.602:18): operation="profile_replace" pid=852 name=/usr/bin/evince-previewer
[   10.070323] type=1505 audit(1295344306.606:19): operation="profile_replace" pid=852 name=/usr/bin/evince-thumbnailer
[   10.078696] type=1505 audit(1295344306.614:20): operation="profile_replace" pid=854 name=/usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf
[   10.079377] type=1505 audit(1295344306.614:21): operation="profile_replace" pid=854 name=/usr/sbin/cupsd
[   10.081306] type=1505 audit(1295344306.618:22): operation="profile_replace" pid=855 name=/usr/sbin/mysqld
[   19.476007] eth0: no IPv6 routers present
[   42.816048] ata3: lost interrupt (Status 0x50)
[   42.816073] ata3.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4850002 action 0xe frozen
[   42.816162] ata3: SError: { RecovComm PHYRdyChg CommWake LinkSeq DevExch }
[   42.816229] ata3.00: cmd c8/00:20:f7:2c:a0/00:00:00:00:00/e2 tag 0 dma 16384 in
[   42.816230]          res 40/00:00:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x14 (ATA bus error)
[   42.816311] ata3.00: status: { DRDY }
[   42.816337] ata3: hard resetting link
[   43.700050] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
[   43.732364] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133
[   43.732371] ata3.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0
[   43.732381] ata3: EH complete
[   74.804023] ata3: lost interrupt (Status 0x50)
[   74.804049] ata3.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x40d0002 action 0xe frozen
[   74.804137] ata3: SError: { RecovComm PHYRdyChg CommWake 10B8B DevExch }
[   74.804217] ata3.00: cmd c8/00:20:9f:a6:a1/00:00:00:00:00/e2 tag 0 dma 16384 in
[   74.804218]          res 40/00:00:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x14 (ATA bus error)
[   74.804296] ata3.00: status: { DRDY }
[   74.804322] ata3: hard resetting link
[   75.684548] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
[   75.716346] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133
[   75.716353] ata3.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0
[   75.716363] ata3: EH complete
[  106.804020] ata3: lost interrupt (Status 0x50)
[  106.804045] ata3.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4050002 action 0xe frozen
[  106.804132] ata3: SError: { RecovComm PHYRdyChg CommWake DevExch }
[  106.804209] ata3.00: cmd c8/00:18:87:c0:cc/00:00:00:00:00/e1 tag 0 dma 12288 in
[  106.804210]          res 40/00:00:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x14 (ATA bus error)
[  106.804288] ata3.00: status: { DRDY }
[  106.804313] ata3: hard resetting link
[  107.684547] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
[  107.716346] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133
[  107.716352] ata3.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0
[  107.716362] ata3: EH complete
[  138.804019] ata3: lost interrupt (Status 0x50)
[  138.804043] ata3: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
[  138.804050] ata3.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x40d0002 action 0xe frozen
[  138.804137] ata3: SError: { RecovComm PHYRdyChg CommWake 10B8B DevExch }
[  138.804215] ata3.00: cmd c8/00:10:07:42:aa/00:00:00:00:00/e2 tag 0 dma 8192 in
[  138.804216]          res 40/00:00:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x14 (ATA bus error)
[  138.804294] ata3.00: status: { DRDY }
[  138.804320] ata3: hard resetting link
[  139.684548] ata3: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 310)
[  139.716341] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133
[  139.716348] ata3.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0
[  139.716358] ata3: EH complete
[  170.804017] ata3: lost interrupt (Status 0x50)
[  170.804041] ata3.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x48d0002 action 0xe frozen
[  170.804129] ata3: SError: { RecovComm PHYRdyChg CommWake 10B8B LinkSeq DevExch }
[  170.804214] ata3.00: cmd c8/00:20:97:1a:20/00:00:00:00:00/e2 tag 0 dma 16384 in
[  170.804215]          res 40/00:00:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x14 (ATA bus error)
[  170.804293] ata3.00: status: { DRDY }
[  170.804319] ata3: hard resetting link
[  171.684548] ata3: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 310)
[  171.716360] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133
[  171.716367] ata3.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0
[  171.716377] ata3: EH complete
[  203.804025] ata3: lost interrupt (Status 0x50)
[  203.804051] ata3.00: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x48d0002 action 0xe frozen
[  203.804141] ata3: SError: { RecovComm PHYRdyChg CommWake 10B8B LinkSeq DevExch }
[  203.804222] ata3.00: cmd c8/00:08:6f:44:81/00:00:00:00:00/e0 tag 0 dma 4096 in
[  203.804223]          res 40/00:00:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x14 (ATA bus error)
[  203.804302] ata3.00: status: { DRDY }
[  203.804328] ata3: hard resetting link
[  204.684051] ata3: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 310)
[  204.716357] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133
[  204.716363] ata3.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0
[  204.716373] ata3: EH complete

我正在运行 Ubuntu 9.10 桌面版。今天突然 /home 损坏了，我被提示fsck手动运行。我运行fsck -y /home并重新启动系统。系统已启动，但我没有 GUI 界面（GNOME 会话），而是出现带有用户提示的黑屏。这里有什么技巧可以正常启动我的系统吗？任何帮助是极大的赞赏。

编辑：1

该错误类似于以下错误（可能有一些错误，因为我必须手动输入）：

machine1 登录：root

密码：

登录时 Sun Jan 16 15:30:46 IST 2011 on tty1

EXT3-fs 错误 (devie sda1): ext3_lookup :deleted inode referenced

中止设备 sda1 上的日志

以只读方式重新挂载文件系统

root@machine1:~# startx
ktemp: failed to create file via template `/tmp/serverauth.xxxxxxxxxxx: Read-only file
/usr/bin/startx: line 157: cannot create temp file for here-document: Read-only file
xauth: error in locking authority file /root/.Xauthority
/usr/bin/startx: line 173: cannnot create temp file for here-document: Read-only file
xauth: error in locking authority file /root/.Xauthority
/usr/bin/startx: line 173: cannnot create temp file for here-document: Read-only file
X: cannot stat /tmp/.x11-unix (No such file or directory), aborting giving up.
xinit: No such file or directory (errno 2): unable to connect to xserver
xinit: No such process (errno 3): Server error
xauth: error in locking authority file /root/.Xauthority

在我的办公室里，我安装了 Ubuntu 8.10 桌面并且它运行了很长时间。每当系统启动时，我都会得到一个file system maintenance error提示输入 root 密码或(press ctrl+d to continue). 按 Ctrl+D 后系统正常启动。我很长一段时间都无法解决这个问题，我认为应该在fstab文件中做一些事情。我不确定要做什么，并期待这里的专家帮助完美解决这个问题。任何帮助表示赞赏。

谢谢！