maria's questions

我最近安装了新的发行版（ubuntu 16.04，之前是 ubuntu 14.04）。在安装之前，我已将数据复制到外部硬盘上。当我试图将其复制回来时，我无法访问它。文件系统（ext4）似乎已损坏。我可以看到它，fdisk -l commnad但不能安装它。我在/media命名中创建了安装点external

我跑了sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/external

输出是：

 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1,
        missing codepage or helper program, or other error

      In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
      dmesg | tail or so.

我试过了mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /media/external

输出：

mount: special device /dev/sdb1 does not exist
maria@maria-Vostro-3360:/media$ 

我还尝试在 live ubuntu 14.04 上启动计算机，该系统是我在外部磁盘上复制数据时安装的，但没有帮助。

Gparted 显示unknown file system，详细信息如下：

我跑了testdisk。我不确定我是否做得正确（例如，我不知道我是否应该选择no partitionned或者我的磁盘上有一个分区。我选择了默认选项，即分区，类型 - Linux。结果深度搜索是“

Disk /dev/sdb - 320 GB / 298 GiB - CHS 38913 255 63
     Partition               Start        End    Size in sectors
 D Linux                    0  32 33 38913  70  5  625139712
 D Linux                 1215 170 44 38913  70  5  605612032
 D Linux                 1490 100 19 38913  70  5  601198592
 D Linux                19611 118 28 25015 239 56   86822912

由于文件系统似乎已损坏，我想运行fsck. 我跑 sudo fsck -r /dev/sdb1了，我得到了这个：

fsck from util-linux 2.27.1
e2fsck 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
ext2fs_open2: Bad magic number in super-block
fsck.ext2: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks...
Superblock has an invalid journal (inode 8).
Clear<y>? 

因为我真的不明白自己在做什么，所以我输入了no，我不想把它弄得更乱，也不想彻底地丢失我的数据。输出是：

fsck.ext2: Illegal inode number while checking ext3 journal for /dev/sdb1

/dev/sdb1: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****

/dev/sdb1: ********** WARNING: Filesystem still has errors **********

/dev/sdb1: status 12, rss 3040, real 816.797699, user 0.004000, sys 0.000000

更新：在testdisk我试图检查non partitioned media. 比Advanced - filesystem utiles显示具有未知文件系统的主分区。我试图将其更改为ext4并输入list. 输出是：Can't open filesystem. Filesystem seems damaged.

更新 2：按照@heynnema 的建议，我设法恢复了一些东西，但我仍然不知道到底是什么。所有的文件和目录都在同一个目录中lost+found，名称是连线的（以 # 开头，在不同的数字之后）。某些文件具有我计算机中的文件名称，但名称与内容不匹配。要打开lost+found我必须使用sudo但无法复制的文件夹：

root@maria-Vostro-3360:/media/maria/9db3c007-4387-4ea8-a61c-b12fa10049bc/lost+found/#3670019# cp -i /media/maria/9db3c007-4387-4ea8-a61c-b12fa10049bc/lost+found/#4718697/ /home/maria/Desktop/odzysk/1
cp: omitting directory '/media/maria/9db3c007-4387-4ea8-a61c-b12fa10049bc/lost+found/#4718697/'

打开后的.odt文件如下所示：加载时间很长，最后我收到消息说它包含一些无效字符。当我尝试更改编码时，文件由于某些错误而关闭。

我最近安装了ubuntu 16.04. 在安装之前，我已经备份了我的数据（以前的系统是ubuntu 14.04）。安装后我想复制我的文件，但我无法访问它。光盘未出现在 . 下的文件（左侧栏）中unity。在mate我可以看到它的下方，但是如果我尝试打开它，则会出现消息unable to mount location。

sudo fdisk -l输出是：

Disk /dev/sda: 298,1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x924cef05

Device     Boot     Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *         2048 617050111 617048064 294,2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2       617052158 625141759   8089602   3,9G  5 Extended
/dev/sda5       617052160 625141759   8089600   3,9G 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not start on physical sector boundary.


Disk /dev/sdb: 298,1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000e1e9b

Device     Boot Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1        2048 625141759 625139712 298,1G 83 Linux
maria@maria-Vostro-3360:/media$ sudo mount -t ntfs /dev/sdb1 /media/external

我在/media命名中创建了安装点external

我跑了sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/external

输出是：

 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1,
        missing codepage or helper program, or other error

      In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
      dmesg | tail or so.

我试过了mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /media/external

输出：

mount: special device /dev/sdb1 does not exist
maria@maria-Vostro-3360:/media$ 

还有其他方法我应该尝试访问数据吗？

更新

我试图在 GParted 中查看光盘。这显示unknown file system并在详细信息下有以下内容：

这是否意味着我的光盘突然坏了？

更新 3

Disk /dev/sdb - 320 GB / 298 GiB - CHS 38913 255 63
     Partition               Start        End    Size in sectors
 D Linux                    0  32 33 38913  70  5  625139712
 D Linux                 1215 170 44 38913  70  5  605612032
 D Linux                 1490 100 19 38913  70  5  601198592
 D Linux                19611 118 28 25015 239 56   86822912

更新

由于似乎问题不是挂载而是文件系统损坏，因此我提出了有关数据恢复的新问题：数据恢复-损坏的文件系统。

我试图找到我的 mp3 播放器的安装位置。我可以通过访问它，Nautilus但出于某些原因我想通过终端访问它。而且我找不到它安装在哪里。在里面没有到设备的路径，nautilus但是。propertiesmtp://[usb:003,002]/

这是输出lsblk：

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0 298,1G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0    25G  0 part /
├─sda2   8:2    0     1K  0 part 
├─sda5   8:5    0   1,9G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda6   8:6    0 271,2G  0 part /home

这是输出sudo blkid：

/dev/sda1: UUID="fb722c9f-1d46-4ee3-8424-b97f85f2c459" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sda5: UUID="149bb63b-d742-46bd-a7f3-733a546b4dd3" TYPE="swap" 
/dev/sda6: UUID="31ec965a-f23d-45a6-b694-c5c403fb5817" TYPE="ext4" 

这是输出lsusb：

Bus 002 Device 004: ID 0cf3:e004 Atheros Communications, Inc. 
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 0c45:6449 Microdia 
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 138a:0011 Validity Sensors, Inc. VFS5011 Fingerprint Reader
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 054c:036e Sony Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

谢谢你的帮助

我正在尝试在我的主目录中创建一个符号链接到我的数据分区上的目录和文件。我试过了：

~/Documents$ ln -sv ~/Documents/saga /media/mariajulia/485f3e29-355c-4be3-b80a-1f5abd5604b6/mariajulia/Downloads/saga..doc

在我的文件夹中创建一个以saga我的Documents目录命名的符号链接home。终端输出为：

ln: failed to create symbolic link ‘/media/mariajulia/485f3e29-355c-4be3-b80a-1f5abd5604b6/mariajulia/Downloads/saga..doc’: File exists

我正在检查~/Documentswith ls -a 的内容，只有.and ..。通常我的home文件夹是空的，这只是一个全新的系统安装。

我的电脑有些问题。我无法启动，所以我使用 live USB 启动了它。我想看看我的电脑是怎么回事，但我不知道如何挂载分区。

在我的磁盘（内部）上，我有两个物理分区，sda1( /) 和sda2，它分为两个逻辑分区 - sda5(swap) 和sda6( /home)。

sda1并且sda6没有安装。我试图mount /dev/sda6在终端中输入，但输出是：

挂载：在 /etc/fstab 或 /etc/mtab 中找不到 dev/sda6

确实，内容/etc/fstab是：

overlayfs / overlayfs rw 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0
/dev/sda5 swap swap defaults 0 0

的内容/etc/mtab/是：

/cow / overlayfs rw 0 0
proc /proc proc rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0
udev /dev devtmpfs rw,mode=0755 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /cdrom vfat ro,noatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro 0 0
/dev/loop0 /rofs squashfs ro,noatime 0 0
none /sys/fs/fuse/connections fusectl rw 0 0
none /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw 0 0
none /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0
none /run/lock tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880 0 0
none /run/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0
gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/ubuntu/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,user=ubuntu 0 0

如果需要任何其他细节。我会完成这个问题。

我正在尝试备份我的 /home 以将所有数据从一台计算机传输到另一台计算机。我想将备份保存在同一台计算机上，然后将其转移到另一台计算机上。出于安全原因，我正在尝试了解它如何在没有大量数据（新数据）的情况下在计算机上工作，以确保我不会删除某些内容而不是复制它。

我已经在终端中运行：

sudo rsync -avz /home/maria /home/guest/backup

结果是：

sent 58797801 bytes  received 23050 bytes  4705668.08 bytes/sec
total size is 100202958  speedup is 1.70
rsync error: some files/attrs were not transferred (see previous errors) (code 23) at main.c(1060) [sender=3.0.7]

我又试了一次，结果一样。我不知道，哪些文件没有被传输，是什么让整个备份对我来说毫无用处（我想自动执行它，以免忘记某些东西并丢失它）。

在两台计算机上我都有相同的系统（Ubuntu 10.04）。rsync 版本：3.0.7-1ubuntu1。

感谢您的任何提示

我试图在 Virtual Box（主机系统 Ubuntu 10.04）下运行 Windows XP，但我收到一条错误消息：

Kernel driver not installed (rc=-1908)

The VirtualBox Linux kernel driver (vboxdrv) is either not loaded or there is a permission problem with /dev/vboxdrv. Re-setup the kernel module by executing

'/etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup'

as root. Users of Ubuntu, Fedora or Mandriva should install the DKMS package first. This package keeps track of Linux kernel changes and recompiles the vboxdrv kernel module if necessary.

这是终端输出：

maria@maria-laptop:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup
 * Stopping VirtualBox kernel modules                                            *  done.
 * Uninstalling old VirtualBox DKMS kernel modules                               *  done.
 * Trying to register the VirtualBox kernel modules using DKMS                  
 * Failed, trying without DKMS
 * Recompiling VirtualBox kernel modules                                         *  done.
 * Starting VirtualBox kernel modules                                            *  done.

之后我可以在 Virtual Box 上运行 XP，但是当我尝试登录用户帐户时，我收到了我必须注册 XP 的消息（我还没有注册，因为每次我点击弹出窗口建议注册，什么也没发生）。我点击我现在要注册它并显示有关错误 0x80004005 的消息，这会阻止 Windows 检查该计算机的许可证（该消息是波兰语，所以我不会在此处发布...）。我忘了先安装 DKMS，但我已经完成了。

我应该怎么做才能运行虚拟机？已经在用了，今天才出现这个问题。

感谢您的任何建议

我正在继续一个废弃的线程阿拉伯语阅读错误，因为它没有解决。

我正在使用 Ubuntu 10.04、Firefox 3.6.14。我检查了 Flash Player，我安装了最新版本。

在 Flash Player 窗口中，阿拉伯语脚本以错误的方向出现。字母是从左到右显示的，而不是应该是从右到左显示的。例如http://www.fpnp.net/。有问题的地方是 Flash 窗口中的黑条，右侧图像下方有一个文本。这里的字母显示方向错误，因此没有连接。您可以看到（我希望）该黑条与文本其余部分之间的区别。

希望不会说阿拉伯语的人可以理解。

谢谢

我知道这个论坛上存在类似的主题。但是任何回复都可以解决我的问题。

我正在使用 Ubuntu 10.4，在我决定使用 XeLaTeX 而不是 LaTeX 之前，我的字体没有问题（参见https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/12347/typesetting-a-document-using-arabic -脚本/12358#12358）。问题是我无法使用 XeLaTeX 编译任何 .tex 文档，也无法正确显示 XeLaTeX 文档。正如我通过提到的线程了解到的那样，XeLaTeX 通常使用系统中的可用字体。

我正在尝试阅读fontspec文档，但它以 pdf 格式打开，有很多空白，终端输出（很长）主要包含错误。这只是其中的几行：

Error: Missing language pack for 'Adobe-Japan1' mapping 
Error: Unknown font tag 'F5.1' 
Error (24124): No font in show 
Error: Unknown font tag 'F5.1'

我试图编译简单的 XeLaTeX 文件：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Linux Libertine O}
\begin{document}

Hello World!
\end{document}

没有成功。这是编译的终端输出：

This is XeTeX, Version 3.1415926-2.2-0.9995.2 (TeX Live 2009/Debian)
 restricted \write18 enabled.
entering extended mode
(./ex.tex
LaTeX2e <2009/09/24>
Babel <v3.8l> and hyphenation patterns for english, usenglishmax, dumylang, noh
yphenation, polish, loaded.
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/xelatex/fontspec/fontspec.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/ifxetex/ifxetex.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/tools/calc.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/xkeyval/xkeyval.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xkeyval/xkeyval.tex
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xkeyval/keyval.tex)))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/fontenc.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/xelatex/euenc/eu1enc.def)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/xelatex/euenc/eu1lmr.fd))
fontspec.cfg loaded.
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/xelatex/fontspec/fontspec.cfg))kpathsea: Invalid fontname `Linux Libertine O', contains ' '

! Font \zf@basefont="Linux Libertine O" at 10.0pt not loadable: Metric (TFM) fi
le or installed font not found.
\zf@fontspec ...ntname \zf@suffix " at \f@size pt 
                                                  \unless \ifzf@icu \zf@set@...
l.3 \setmainfont{Linux Libertine O}

? 

我找不到Linux Libertine O。搜索结果otf-：aptitude

maria@maria-laptop:/etc/fonts$ aptitude search otf
p   emdebian-rootfs                                                             - emdebian root filesystem support                                                      
p   libotf-bin                                                                  - A Library for handling OpenType Font - utilities                                      
p   libotf-dev                                                                  - A Library for handling OpenType Font - development                                    
i   libotf0                                                                     - A Library for handling OpenType Font - runtime                                        
p   libotf0-dbg                                                                 - The libotf libraries and debugging symbols                                            
p   libpam-dotfile                                                              - A PAM module which allows users to have more than one password                        
p   livecd-rootfs                                                               - construction script for the livecd rootfs                                             
p   makebootfat                                                                 - Utility to create a bootable FAT filesystem                                           
p   otf-ipaexfont                                                               - Japanese OpenType font, IPAexFont (IPAexGothic/Mincho)                                
p   otf-ipaexfont-gothic                                                        - Japanese OpenType font, IPAexFont (IPAexGothic)                                       
p   otf-ipaexfont-mincho                                                        - Japanese OpenType font, IPAexFont (IPAexMincho)                                       
p   otf-ipafont                                                                 - Japanese OpenType font set, IPAfont                                                   
p   otf-ipafont-gothic                                                          - Japanese OpenType font set, IPA Gothic font                                           
p   otf-ipafont-mincho                                                          - Japanese OpenType font set, IPA Mincho font                                           
p   otf-stix                                                                    - the Scientific and Technical Information eXchange fonts                               
p   otf-thai-tlwg                                                               - Thai fonts in OpenType format                                                         
p   otf-yozvox-yozfont                                                          - Japanese proportional Handwriting OpenType font                                       
p   otf2bdf                                                                     - generate BDF bitmap fonts from OpenType outline fonts                                 
p   robotfindskitten                                                            - Zen Simulation of robot finding kitten    

因此，如果我没记错的话，有问题的字体不仅被卸载，而且不可用。这是否意味着我缺少一些存储库？

我也试图从线程中应用解决方案如何重新安装默认字体？，但结果是：

maria@maria-laptop:~$ sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
[sudo] password for maria: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting ttf-mscorefonts-installer instead of msttcorefonts
ttf-mscorefonts-installer is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
maria@maria-laptop:~$ 

这似乎不是使用 XeLaTeX 的常见问题；提到的线程中没有人建议安装 TeX Live 以外的任何东西。

提前致谢

我对 Linux 很陌生，但在使用它之前，我听说 Windows 程序在卸载后会在硬盘上留下很多残留物，而 Linux 会删除所有内容。

我正在使用 Ubuntu 10.04。要卸载我正在使用的软件包sudo apt-get autoremove application_name或sudo aptitude purge application_name. 最近我安装了 texlive-full，由于某些原因我不得不快速卸载它。在我进入终端updatedb之后locate *texlive*，输出很长：

maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$ locate *texlive*
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-base.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-formats-extra.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-lang-cyrillic.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-lang-czechslovak.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-lang-polish.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-latex-base.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-math-extra.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-metapost.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-omega.cnf
/etc/texmf/fmt.d/10texlive-xetex.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/09texlive-base.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-arabic.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-croatian.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-cyrillic.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-czechslovak.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-danish.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-dutch.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-finnish.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-french.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-german.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-greek.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-hungarian.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-indic.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-italian.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-latin.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-latvian.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-lithuanian.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-mongolian.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-norwegian.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-other.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-polish.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-portuguese.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-spanish.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-swedish.cnf
/etc/texmf/hyphen.d/10texlive-lang-ukenglish.cnf
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-base.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-fonts-extra.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-fonts-recommended.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-games.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-african.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-arabic.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-cyrillic.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-czechslovak.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-french.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-greek.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-hebrew.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-indic.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-lithuanian.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-mongolian.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-polish.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-lang-vietnamese.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-latex-base.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-latex-extra.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-math-extra.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-omega.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-pictures.cfg
/etc/texmf/updmap.d/10texlive-science.cfg
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-base_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-bibtex-extra_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
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/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-doc-cs+sk_2009-2_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-doc-de_2009-2_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-doc-en_2009-2_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-doc-es_2009-2_all.deb
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/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-full_2009-7_all.deb
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/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-lang-portuguese_2009-3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-lang-spanish_2009-3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-lang-swedish_2009-3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-lang-tibetan_2009-3_all.deb
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/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-lang-vietnamese_2009-3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-latex-base-doc_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-latex-base_2009-7_all.deb
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/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-latex-recommended_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-latex3_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-luatex_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-math-extra_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-metapost-doc_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-metapost_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-music_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-omega_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-pictures-doc_2009-7_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-pictures_2009-7_all.deb
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/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-pstricks_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-publishers-doc_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-publishers_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-science-doc_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-science_2009-7ubuntu3_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/texlive-xetex_2009-7_all.deb
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-arabic.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-armenian.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-armenian.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-croatian.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-cyrillic.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-cyrillic.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-czechslovak.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-czechslovak.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-danish.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-danish.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-dutch.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-dutch.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-finnish.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-finnish.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-french.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-french.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-german.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-german.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-greek.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-greek.postrm
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-indic.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-italian.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-latin.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-latvian.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-lithuanian.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-mongolian.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-lang-vietnamese.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-latex-recommended.postrm
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-latex3.postrm
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-math-extra.postrm
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-metapost.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-metapost.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-music.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-music.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-omega.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-omega.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-pictures-doc.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-pictures-doc.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-pictures.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-pictures.postrm
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-plain-extra.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-pstricks-doc.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-pstricks.list
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-publishers-doc.postrm
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/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-science.postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-xetex.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/texlive-xetex.postrm
maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$

我用过sudo apt-get autoclean，没有任何变化。我已经安装了deborphan，但它什么也没显示（也许我用错了方法：刚刚输入了 command deborphan）。我是在做错什么，还是有人告诉我一些不真实的事情？

我想知道两件事：如何删除软件包（如果我以错误的方式进行操作）以及如何从我迄今为止卸载的所有软件包的剩余部分中清理硬盘（即使我不记得它是什么）正是）。我安装了 Ubuntu Tweak，但我不知道如何使用它，我想我更喜欢终端命令。

谢谢

我正在使用 Ubuntu 10.04。我想为使用我电脑的其他人创建一个新帐户。我希望我的客人可以访问我的计算机上安装的 Internet、文本编辑器和其他应用程序，而无需访问我的数据（当然还有系统设置）。

我使用图形界面 ( System -> Administration -> Users and groups) 添加了一个用户“来宾”。我的客人现在可以访问应用程序，但不是完整的——wine 和 VirtualBox 是空的（wine 只有 wine 记事本，在 VirtualBox 上没有安装虚拟机）。上网和聊天都很好，但是“客人”可以通过终端访问计算机中的任何内容，我想把他留在他的客人中home（有很多人在使用我的电脑，并不是所有我都知道） .

我在http://www.ubuntu.pl/上找到了如何通过终端更改用户权限，我想知道该命令chmod -vR --preserve-root 700 /home/maria 是否正常？

/home有两个目录：guest和maria.

以及如何确保我的客人无需再次安装即可访问安装在 wine 和 VirtualBox 上的应用程序？

这是客人的输出groups：

guest@marysia-ubuntu:~$ groups
guest adm dialout fax cdrom floppy tape dip video plugdev fuse nopasswdlogin
guest@marysia-ubuntu:~$

这对于玛丽亚斯来说groups：

maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$ groups
maria adm dialout cdrom plugdev lpadmin admin sambashare guest
maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$

我在新计算机上新安装了 Ubuntu 10.04。我正在尝试在其上安装我需要的应用程序（我的旧计算机坏了，我必须将其送去维修）。我已经设法安装了 texlive，但是我无法安装其他任何东西。我要安装的所有软件都是我之前在旧计算机上成功安装的软件（使用相同版本的 Ubuntu）。我不明白为什么终端会发出这个警告（对不起，终端会说一半英语，一半波兰语，但我希望这已经足够了）：

maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$ sudo aptitude install emacs
Czytanie list pakietów... Gotowe
Budowanie drzewa zależności      
Odczyt informacji o stanie... Gotowe
Reading extended state information     
Initializing package states... Gotowe
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  emacs emacs23{a} emacs23-bin-common{a} emacs23-common{a}
  emacsen-common{a}
0 packages upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 23,9MB of archives. After unpacking 73,8MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] Y
WARNING: untrusted versions of the following packages will be installed!

Untrusted packages could compromise your system's security.
You should only proceed with the installation if you are certain that
this is what you want to do.

  emacs emacs23-bin-common emacsen-common emacs23-common emacs23

Do you want to ignore this warning and proceed anyway?
To continue, enter "Yes"; to abort, enter "No"

我也尝试安装其他编辑器，结果相同。当我决定我可能确定我要安装的软件包是安全的时，我最终输入了“是”。安装成功结束，但编辑器不理解 .tex 文件（并且 .tex 文件本身已知是好的）：

this is pdfTeX, Version 3.1415926-1.40.10 (TeX Live 2009/Debian)

restricted \write18 enabled.

entering extended mode

(./Szarfi.tex

! Undefined control sequence.

l.2 \documentclass

{book}

?

更重要的是，我意识到在 Synaptic Manager 中没有任何包被标记为 Canonical 支持的包......

有小费吗？提前致谢。

附言

使用前适当的来源update：

maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS _Lucid Lynx_ - Release i386 (20110211.1)]/ lucid main restricted
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.

deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid multiverse
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid multiverse
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates multiverse
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
# deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security multiverse
maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$ 

使用后update，几乎没问题。我已经成功安装了 3 个应用程序（texlive、texworks 和 ekg），Synaptic 显示“受 Cannonical 支持”的图标。但连接问题仍然存在。

我已连接到 Internet，我可以使用聊天，但有时我无法打开任何网页。我不确定这是否是同一问题的一部分，或者是否解决了另一个问题，而另一个问题我应该单独写一篇文章。

使用更新后的 apt 源列表：

maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS _Lucid Lynx_ - Release i386 (20110211.1)]/ lucid main restricted
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.

deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid multiverse
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid multiverse
deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates multiverse
deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
# deb http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://pl.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security multiverse
maria@marysia-ubuntu:~$ 

似乎变了，但这是我唯一能理解的。

谢谢。