全部问题(ubuntu)

经过两天的安装崩溃尝试，我很难在该硬件上加载 Ubuntu 22.04 作为唯一的操作系统：

• 主板：2016 ASUS 10XDAi1/C

• BIOS：Aptios 设置实用程序 v3.4，启用 AHCI，禁用安全启动，启用 UEFI（禁用 Legacy）

• /dev/nvme0n1：Intel NVMe 1.2TB SSDPEDMW012T4；尝试在此处安装操作系统。

• /dev/nvme0n2：WD_BLACK 4TB AN1500 NVMe 内部用于大计算；此处未安装操作系统。

• 显卡：NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960

我之前在这台硬件上运行过 Windows 10/WSL1，但我想永久放弃 Windows。在尝试从可启动 USB 安装 Ubuntu 22.04.iso 之前，Windows 10 已被清除。

Ubuntu 22.04 Live 会话在通过 Etcher 或 Rufus 创建的可启动 U 盘安装后运行良好（我尝试了这两种方法，以及多个 U 盘）。从 GRUB 菜单启动 Live 会话需要添加nomodeset noapic acpi=off安全图形功能，而安全图形功能并不能缓解此要求。然后，我尝试在 Live 会话中通过桌面上的“安装 22.04”应用程序安装 Ubuntu 22.04 /dev/nvme0n1。

标准安装设置包括：普通发行版、安装时下载更新以及安装用于图形和 WiFi 的第三方软件。我选择了“擦除磁盘并安装 Ubuntu”。选择“自动登录”。几乎所有内容都安装成功了，但安装结束时总是崩溃。

错误消息：无法在 /dev/nvme0n1 中安装 Grub，执行“grub-install /dev/sda 失败”。这是一个致命错误。

我尝试了很多关于此错误信息的在线建议，但都没能解决我在这个硬件上的安装问题。如果我不nomodeset noapic acpi=off通过 GRUB（通过“e”）添加启动项，Ubuntu 会启动，但始终无法跳过 Ubuntu 徽标屏幕，并且屏幕会一直旋转。我还尝试安装 24.04 LTS，但同样失败。当我从旧的 Ubuntu 安装 CD 安装 Ubuntu 15.10 时，它可以顺利安装，并且在这个硬件上运行良好。

我使用 ThinkPad ThunderBolt 4 Smart Dock (40B0) 扩展了在 Ubuntu 24.10 系统上运行的 HP OMEN 16.1 英寸游戏本 (wf1037TX) 的连接容量。使用笔记本电脑一段时间后，所有 USB 设备（包括笔记本电脑的端口和扩展坞的端口）在重新加载xhci_pci内核模块 ( sudo modprobe -r xhci_pci && sudo modprobe xhci-pci) 或重启之前都无法工作。请问您能提供一些解决这个问题的建议吗？

结果lsusb：

Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 17ef:30ba Lenovo V1003
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0408:548d Quanta Computer, Inc. HP True Vision FHD Camera
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 17ef:30b4 Lenovo ThinkPad Thunderbolt 4 Dock MCU Controller2
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 17ef:30b5 Lenovo 40B0
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 17ef:30b7 Lenovo USB2.0 Hub             
Bus 001 Device 007: ID 046d:0af7 Logitech, Inc. PRO X 2 LIGHTSPEED
Bus 001 Device 008: ID 17ef:30b9 Lenovo USB2.0 Hub             
Bus 001 Device 009: ID 8087:0036 Intel Corp. 
Bus 001 Device 010: ID 17ef:60ee Lenovo TrackPoint Keyboard II
Bus 001 Device 011: ID 046d:c548 Logitech, Inc. Logi Bolt Receiver
Bus 001 Device 012: ID 17ef:30bb Lenovo ThinkPad Thunderbolt 4 Dock USB Audio
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 002: ID 8087:0b40 Intel Corp. USB3.0 Hub
Bus 004 Device 003: ID 17ef:30b6 Lenovo USB3.1 Hub             
Bus 004 Device 004: ID 17ef:30b8 Lenovo USB3.1 Hub             
Bus 004 Device 005: ID 0bda:8153 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTL8153 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter

重要的内核日志：

Apr 16 21:41:06 kernel: nvme 0000:46:00.0: platform quirk: setting simple suspend
Apr 16 21:39:38 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:38 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:35 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:35 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:32 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:32 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:29 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:29 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:26 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:26 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:23 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:23 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:20 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:20 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:17 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:17 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:11 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:11 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:08 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:08 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:05 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:05 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:39:02 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:39:02 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:59 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:59 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:56 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:56 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:53 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:53 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:50 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:50 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:47 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:47 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:44 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:44 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:41 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:41 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:38 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:38 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:35 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:35 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:32 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:32 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:29 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:29 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:26 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:26 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2
Apr 16 21:38:23 kernel: usb 1-6: Failed to suspend device, error -32
Apr 16 21:38:23 kernel: xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: USB core suspending port 1-6 not in U0/U1/U2

结果uname -a：

Linux piqua-Laptop 6.11.0-21-generic #21-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Wed Feb 19 16:50:40 UTC 2025 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

该底座固件的当前版本为 10.18。

我使用的是 Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS 系统。我正在使用一个 Windows 程序（使用 WINE），它的输出是一个 CSV 文件。我想把这个输出下载到我的电脑上。有时我想把它重新加载到程序中，以便与其他数据进行比较。程序推荐使用 Excel。有什么最优雅的方法来解决这个问题？非常感谢。

该命令按预期工作：

$(echo 10 > file.txt)cat file.txt; $(echo 5 > file.txt)cat file.txt

输出：

10
5

然而，这个却没有：

bash -c "$(echo 10 > file.txt)cat file.txt; $(echo 5 > file.txt)cat file.txt"

输出：

5
5

更奇怪的是这种行为：

bash -c "$(echo 10 > file.txt)cat file.txt; rm -f file.txt; $(echo 5 > file.txt)cat file.txt"

输出：

5
cat: file.txt: No such file or directory

甚至添加睡眠：

bash -c "$(echo 10 > file.txt)cat file.txt; sleep 1; rm -f file.txt; sleep 1; $(echo 5 > file.txt)cat file.txt"

你会得到一个科幻行为，与之前相同的输出：

5
# 2 seconds wait...
cat: file.txt: No such file or directory

命令的顺序几乎看起来像是从右到左。
这种奇怪的现象怎么可能被想象出来？

编辑：

@steeldriver 与 x

输入：

bash -c "$(echo 10 > file.txt)cat file.txt; $(echo 5 > file.txt)cat file.txt"

输出：

++ echo 10
++ echo 5
+ bash -c 'cat file.txt; cat file.txt'
5
5

我以 Flatpak 的形式安装了 GIMP 3.0，但我不知道如何安装自定义 gegl 过滤器。

根据 GIMP 滤镜教程，我应该将滤镜制作成一个.so库，然后将其复制到这个 gegl 文件夹中：$HOME/.local/share/gegl-0.4/plug-ins。但是当我使用 Flatpak 时，这个文件夹在哪里？

在“首选项” → “文件夹” → “插件”下，我看到 GIMP 应该会查看~/.var/app/org.gimp.GIMP/config/GIMP/3.0/plug-ins，但如果我将我的复制test-filter.so到那里，它就不会出现在过滤器菜单中。

我跑了：

flatpak run org.gimp.GIMP --verbose

但控制台输出并未显示 GIMP 查看该文件夹中的任何内容。

感谢您的帮助！

自从接受了最近的更新后，LibreOffice 就打不开了。检查后发现它已更新至 LibreOffice 25.2。如果我打开应用中心，它会将 LibreOffice 24.8.6.2 列为最新稳定版本。我已经从应用中心安装了 LibreOffice 24.8.6.2，现在两个版本都列出了，但只有 24.8.6.2 能打开。我尝试使用 Synaptic 卸载 LibreOffice 25.2，但没有成功。当我尝试打开 .odt 文件时，默认版本是 25.2，我必须选择“打开方式”才能使用有效的版本打开。我该如何卸载 LibreOffice 25.2？
我使用的是 Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS。

好的，解决了——我按照提示运行了“sudo snap remove libreoffice”。它似乎删除了 LibreOffice 24.8.6.2——这个版本之前可以运行，但现在 LibreOffice 25.2 可以运行了？所以问题不知怎么解决了。

我在 Ubuntu 24.04 中使用 Inkscape 1.4 (PPA)。

似乎没有办法更改箭头的颜色。如果我更改“填充和描边”的颜色，箭头主体的颜色会改变，但箭头的颜色不会改变。如何更改箭头的颜色？

我最近在一台相当老的 Asus-K56CM 笔记本电脑上安装了 Ubuntu 24.04（基本版，无特色），该笔记本电脑装有 Windows 10（最初为 8），处理器为 Intel Core i5-3317U @ 1.70GHz RAM 6 GB。

我按照此处的指南使用了带有图像的 USB 驱动器：

https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/install-ubuntu-desktop#1-overview

最初唯一的选项是“手动安装”，所以我选择了手动分区。安装完成后重启时，只有一个灰色屏幕，上面写着“重新启动并选择正确的启动设备”。如果我进入BIOS，不知何故除了DVD读取器之外没有其他启动选项。

BIOS 设置：

没有 BitLocker，并且安全启动已禁用。该机器不使用 UEFI。

我尝试了很多方法，包括更改分区配置、使用 GParted 和启动恢复，但都无济于事。我最后一次尝试安装：使用“擦除磁盘并安装 Ubuntu”，然后运行启动恢复。它返回的结果如下：https://paste.ubuntu.com/p/gc65vWYzFM/

============================= Boot Repair Summary ==============================

User choice:

Is there RAID on this computer? no


==================== blkid (filtered) before lvm activation ====================

/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv: UUID="21e4a4ac-1406-485c-9aa7-7ad38bde3982" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda2: UUID="c9562c9e-14e2-4bd8-9297-b9af9d6f0caa" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="536b7359-0e53-4c51-b62a-9b79c176e922"
/dev/sdb1: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2025-02-15-09-15-26-00" LABEL="Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS amd64" TYPE="iso9660" PARTLABEL="ISO9660" PARTUUID="b0ef6ca3-60d1-4a21-98d8-17c385a8b6f8"
/dev/sdb4: LABEL="writable" UUID="5ea05c3f-fa80-47e0-92bc-d603d4e598ec" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="eba6f7e3-c69f-43fc-8c59-a173f0c8186a"
/dev/sdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" LABEL_FATBOOT="ESP" LABEL="ESP" UUID="B5A5-8010" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="Appended2" PARTUUID="b0ef6ca3-60d1-4a21-98db-17c385a8b6f8"
/dev/sda3: UUID="3fOHux-W0uD-OVaI-N34n-LX43-bN07-7bWeud" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="19cb9cf0-3c59-44a5-9492-8468a123443e"
/dev/sdb3: PARTLABEL="Gap1" PARTUUID="b0ef6ca3-60d1-4a21-98da-17c385a8b6f8"
/dev/sda1: PARTUUID="8903a4d5-4e6f-4b5e-8e76-9f5c58edd3fa"


================================ LVM activation ================================

modprobe dm-mod  
vgscan --mknodes
  Found volume group "ubuntu-vg" using metadata type lvm2
vgchange -ay
  1 logical volume(s) in volume group "ubuntu-vg" now active
lvscan
  ACTIVE            '/dev/ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv' [<929.51 GiB] inherit
blkid -g




[dmraid -sa -c] no
[dmraid -sa -c] raid
[dmraid -sa -c] disks
[dmraid -sa -c] no
[dmraid -sa -c] raid
[dmraid -sa -c] disks

=================== /boot detected. Please check the options.

Recommended repair: ____________________________________________________________

The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility will purge (in order to enable-lvm) and reinstall the grub2 of
mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv into the MBR of sda,
using the following options:  sda2/boot
Grub-efi will not be selected by default because no ESP detected.
Additional repair will be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s


/boot added in mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv/fstab
Mount /dev/sda2 on /mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv/boot
chroot /mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv apt-get -y update
Purge the GRUB of /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
grub-pc available


0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 90 not upgraded.
DEBCHECK debOK, grub-pc
DEBCHECK debOK
Please type: sudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" dpkg --configure -ansudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get install -fynsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get install -y lvm2nsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub-com*nsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub2-com*nsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y shim-signednsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub-common:*nsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub2-common:*n
Then type: sudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" apt-get install -y grub-pc

Unhide GRUB boot menu in mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv/etc/default/grub

========== Reinstall the grub-pc of /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv ==========

chroot /mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv grub-install --version
grub-install (GRUB) 2.12-1ubuntu7.1

==> Reinstall the GRUB of /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv into the MBR of /dev/sda

chroot /mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv grub-install /dev/sda
Installing for i386-pc platform.
Installation finished. No error reported.

chroot /mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv update-grub
Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34738: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34738: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34742: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34742: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34745: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34745: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34749: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34749: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34783: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34783: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-6.11.0-21-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-6.11.0-21-generic
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34972: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[135542]) leaked on vgs invocation. Parent PID 34972: /usr/sbin/grub-probe
Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings ...

Boot successfully repaired.

You can now reboot your computer.


============================ Boot Info After Repair ============================

 => Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 2048 
    of the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and 
    looks for (,gpt2)/grub. It also embeds following components:
    
    modules
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    fshelp ext2 part_gpt biosdisk
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

sda1: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       BIOS Boot partition
    Boot sector type:  Grub2's core.img
    Boot sector info: 

sda2: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       ext4
    Boot sector type:  -
    Boot sector info: 
    Operating System:  
    Boot files:        /grub/grub.cfg /grub/i386-pc/core.img

sda3: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       LVM2_member
    Boot sector type:  -
    Boot sector info: 

sdb: ___________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       iso9660
    Boot sector type:  Grub2 (v1.99-2.00)
    Boot sector info:  Grub2 (v1.99-2.00) is installed in the boot sector of 
                       sdb and looks at sector 0 of the same hard drive for 
                       core.img, but core.img can not be found at this 
                       location.
    Mounting failed:   mount: /mnt/BootInfo/FD/sdb: /dev/sdb already mounted or mount point busy.
       dmesg(1) may have more information after failed mount system call.


================================ 1 OS detected =================================

OS#1 (linux):   Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS on mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv

================================ Host/Hardware =================================

CPU architecture: 64-bit
Video: GF108M [GeForce GT 635M] 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller from NVIDIA Corporation Intel Corporation
Live-session OS is Ubuntu 64-bit (Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS, noble, x86_64)

===================================== UEFI =====================================

BIOS/UEFI firmware: K56CM.206(4.6) from American Megatrends Inc.
This live-session is in Legacy/BIOS/CSM mode (not in EFI mode).



============================= Drive/Partition Info =============================

Disks info: ____________________________________________________________________

sda : is-GPT,   hasBIOSboot,    has-noESP,  not-usb,    not-mmc, has-os,    no-wind,    2048 sectors * 512 bytes

Partitions info (1/3): _________________________________________________________

mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv    : is-os,    64, apt-get,    grub-pc ,   grub2,  grub-install,   no-grubenv, update-grub,    not-far
sda2    : no-os,    64, nopakmgr,   no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall,  grubenv-ok, noupdategrub,   not-far

Partitions info (2/3): _________________________________________________________

mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv    : isnotESP, fstab-without-efi,  no-nt,  no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid,   no-bmgr,    notwinboot, ext4
sda2    : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab,  no-nt,  no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid,   no-bmgr,    notwinboot, ext4

Partitions info (3/3): _________________________________________________________

mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv    : not--sepboot, no---boot,  fstab-has-bad-boot, not-sep-usr,    with--usr,  fstab-without-usr,  std-grub.d, sda
sda2    : is---sepboot, no---boot,  part-has-no-fstab,  not-sep-usr,    no---usr,   part-has-no-fstab,  no--grub.d, sda

fdisk -l (filtered): ___________________________________________________________

Disk sda: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk identifier: AA4D97AB-80D6-44F1-813E-0AA1FA9B1AE9
       Start        End    Sectors   Size Type
sda1     2048       4095       2048     1M BIOS boot
sda2     4096    4198399    4194304     2G Linux filesystem
sda3  4198400 1953521663 1949323264 929.5G Linux filesystem
Disk mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv: 929.51 GiB, 998051414016 bytes, 1949319168 sectors
Disk sdb: 29.3 GiB, 31457280512 bytes, 61440001 sectors
Disk identifier: B0EF6CA3-60D1-4A21-98D9-17C385A8B6F8
        Start      End  Sectors  Size Type
sdb1        64 12378291 12378228  5.9G Microsoft basic data
sdb2  12378292 12388435    10144    5M EFI System
sdb3  12388436 12389035      600  300K Microsoft basic data
sdb4  12390400 61437951 49047552 23.4G Linux filesystem

parted -lm (filtered): _________________________________________________________

sda:1000GB:scsi:512:4096:gpt:ATA HGST HTS721010A9:;
1:1049kB:2097kB:1049kB:::bios_grub;
2:2097kB:2150MB:2147MB:ext4::;
3:2150MB:1000GB:998GB:::;
sdb:31.5GB:scsi:512:512:gpt:ASolid USB:;
1:32.8kB:6338MB:6338MB::ISO9660:hidden, msftdata;
2:6338MB:6343MB:5194kB::Appended2:boot, esp;
3:6343MB:6343MB:307kB::Gap1:hidden, msftdata;
4:6344MB:31.5GB:25.1GB:ext4::;
mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv:998GB:dm:512:4096:loop:Linux device-mapper (linear):;
1:0.00B:998GB:998GB:ext4::;

blkid (filtered): ______________________________________________________________

NAME                      FSTYPE      UUID                                   PARTUUID                             LABEL                    PARTLABEL
sda                                                                                                                                        
├─sda1                                                                       8903a4d5-4e6f-4b5e-8e76-9f5c58edd3fa                          
├─sda2                    ext4        c9562c9e-14e2-4bd8-9297-b9af9d6f0caa   536b7359-0e53-4c51-b62a-9b79c176e922                          
└─sda3                    LVM2_member 3fOHux-W0uD-OVaI-N34n-LX43-bN07-7bWeud 19cb9cf0-3c59-44a5-9492-8468a123443e                          
  └─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv ext4        21e4a4ac-1406-485c-9aa7-7ad38bde3982                                                                 
sdb                       iso9660     2025-02-15-09-15-26-00                                                      Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS amd64 
├─sdb1                    iso9660     2025-02-15-09-15-26-00                 b0ef6ca3-60d1-4a21-98d8-17c385a8b6f8 Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS amd64 ISO9660
├─sdb2                    vfat        B5A5-8010                              b0ef6ca3-60d1-4a21-98db-17c385a8b6f8 ESP                      Appended2
├─sdb3                                                                       b0ef6ca3-60d1-4a21-98da-17c385a8b6f8                          Gap1
└─sdb4                    ext4        5ea05c3f-fa80-47e0-92bc-d603d4e598ec   eba6f7e3-c69f-43fc-8c59-a173f0c8186a writable                 

Mount points (filtered): _______________________________________________________

                                                               Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv                             858.1G   1% /mnt/boot-sav/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
/dev/sda2                                                       1.7G   5% /mnt/boot-sav/sda2
/dev/sdb1                                                          0 100% /cdrom

Mount options (filtered): ______________________________________________________

/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv                             ext4            rw,relatime
/dev/sda2                                                     ext4            rw,relatime
/dev/sdb1                                                     iso9660         ro,noatime,nojoliet,check=s,map=n,blocksize=2048,iocharset=utf8

============================== ls -R /dev/mapper/ ==============================

/dev/mapper:
control
ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv

======================== sda2/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) =========================

Ubuntu   21e4a4ac-1406-485c-9aa7-7ad38bde3982
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
UEFI Firmware Settings   uefi-firmware
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###

==================== sda2: Location of files loaded by Grub ====================

           GiB - GB             File                                 Fragment(s)
   0.242820740 = 0.260726784    grub/grub.cfg                                  1
   0.145027161 = 0.155721728    grub/i386-pc/core.img                          1
   0.164684296 = 0.176828416    vmlinuz                                        1
   0.164684296 = 0.176828416    vmlinuz-6.11.0-21-generic                      1
   0.164684296 = 0.176828416    vmlinuz.old                                    1
   0.233917236 = 0.251166720    initrd.img                                     1
   0.233917236 = 0.251166720    initrd.img-6.11.0-21-generic                   1
   0.233917236 = 0.251166720    initrd.img.old                                 1

奇怪的是，它引用了我之前手动创建的一个分区，尽管上次安装应该已经删除了那个分区。事实上，GParted 确实显示了这一点。

在一个与我的情况类似的线程中，有人建议使用 GParted 在 MBR 中创建一个新分区，但我不能这样做，因为有活动分区，我无法禁用它们。

我会尝试用U盘安装一个正式版进行进一步修复，但问题可能出在其他地方。您知道我该如何解决这个问题吗？

尝试在 Firefox 中使用 MS Teams 会导致在浏览器中使用 MS Teams 时出现“gmpopenh264 插件已崩溃”弹出窗口并且视频损坏。

传出的那个没有到达其他人，传入的那个就可以了。

sudo dmesg充满了抱怨 Firefox 的 apparmor 日志

例子包括[ 9149.120185] audit: type=1400 audit(1741179598.366:5202): apparmor="DENIED" operation="open" class="file" profile="firefox" name="/proc/12151/oom_score_adj" pid=6192 comm="firefox" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=1000 ouid=1000

一般来说，人们警告不要禁用解锁密钥环的密码（当您登录计算机时，登录密钥环没有解锁，如何才能停止在启动时提示解锁“默认”密钥环？），这避免了在没有密码的情况下自动登录时出现解锁密钥环的提示。

不过，我觉得通过 LUKS 加密驱动器时，安全问题并不重要。我只使用自动登录，因为无论如何我都需要通过 LUKS“登录”，而且我觉得这样足够安全。但考虑到其他帖子里提到的坚定建议，我怀疑自己是否遗漏了什么。

我们在登录后永久解锁密钥环后，是否存在可以再次使用的状态？我想也许当我们退出时，这会成为一个问题，但话说回来，如果你退出，你就无法通过自动登录登录。所以这两种情况（自动登录 + LUKS，常规登录）的行为都是一样的，因为你需要输入密码才能登录，而这无论如何都会导致密钥环被解锁。

也许我无法提出真正的问题，因为使用具有自动登录和解锁密钥环的 LUKS 时没有真正的问题。