全部问题(ubuntu)

我尝试安装libmagick++-dev（相关问题：如何在 Ubuntu 20.04 上安装 libmagick++-dev？）。但它需要降级几个软件包。我已经恢复了其中几个。但事实证明，其余需要降级的软件包需要删除太多已安装的软件包。我决定不这样做。现在我想恢复已安装软件包的先前版本。我该怎么做？

我的尝试记录如下：

sudo apt install libmagick++-dev 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libmagick++-dev : Depends: imagemagick-6-common (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is to be installed
                   Depends: libmagick++-6.q16-dev but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

------

$ sudo apt install imagemagick-6-common
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
imagemagick-6-common is already the newest version (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10).
imagemagick-6-common set to manually installed.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.

------

$ sudo apt install imagemagick-6-common=8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  libimage-magick-perl
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  imagemagick-6-common
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 1 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 60,8 kB of archives.
After this operation, 102 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 imagemagick-6-common all 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 [60,8 kB]
Fetched 60,8 kB in 1s (82,4 kB/s)               
(Reading database ... 365848 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing libimage-magick-perl (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading imagemagick-6-common from 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 to 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
(Reading database ... 365814 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../imagemagick-6-common_8%3a6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11_all.deb ...
Unpacking imagemagick-6-common (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) over (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10) ...
Setting up imagemagick-6-common (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/ImageMagick-6/delegates.xml ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...

----

Reverting is not working:

sudo apt install imagemagick-6-common=8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
E: Version '8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10' for 'imagemagick-6-common' was not found

apt list imagemagick-6-common
Listing... Done
imagemagick-6-common/focal,focal,now 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 all [installed]

apt-cache madison imagemagick-6-common  # list all versions of a package
imagemagick-6-common | 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
imagemagick-6-common | 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe i386 Packages

apt policy  imagemagick-6-common
imagemagick-6-common:
  Installed: 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
  Candidate: 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
  Version table:
 *** 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe i386 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

由于某种原因，软件包的先前版本imagemagick-6-common=8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10在软件包管理系统中不可用。如何恢复？

依赖关系存在问题。

我尝试过类似问题的建议：在 Ubuntu 18.04 上安装 libmagick++-dev 时出现依赖关系问题

他们没有提供帮助。

此软件包必须能够在建议降级其他软件包的情况下安装。但此降级需要删除太多已安装的程序。有没有办法保留它们并进行安装libmagick++-dev？

如果不可能，如何恢复降级的软件包？我尝试重新安装以前安装的（实际）版本，但apt由于某种原因，降级后无法查看它们。我为此创建了单独的问题：如何恢复降级的软件包？

我的尝试日志：

sudo apt install libmagick++-dev 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libmagick++-dev : Depends: imagemagick-6-common (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is to be installed
                   Depends: libmagick++-6.q16-dev but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

------

$ sudo apt install imagemagick-6-common
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
imagemagick-6-common is already the newest version (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10).
imagemagick-6-common set to manually installed.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.

------

$ sudo apt install imagemagick-6-common=8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  libimage-magick-perl
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  imagemagick-6-common
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 1 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 60,8 kB of archives.
After this operation, 102 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 imagemagick-6-common all 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 [60,8 kB]
Fetched 60,8 kB in 1s (82,4 kB/s)               
(Reading database ... 365848 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing libimage-magick-perl (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading imagemagick-6-common from 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 to 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
(Reading database ... 365814 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../imagemagick-6-common_8%3a6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11_all.deb ...
Unpacking imagemagick-6-common (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) over (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10) ...
Setting up imagemagick-6-common (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/ImageMagick-6/delegates.xml ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...

------

sudo apt install libmagick++-dev 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libmagick++-dev : Depends: libmagick++-6.q16-dev but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

------

sudo apt install libmagick++-6.q16-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libmagick++-6.q16-dev : Depends: libmagick++-6.q16-8 (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is to be installed
                         Depends: libmagickcore-6.q16-dev (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but it is not going to be installed
                         Depends: libmagickwand-6.q16-dev (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

------

sudo apt install libmagick++-6.q16-8=8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  libmagick++-6.q16-8
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 133 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2 048 B disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmagick++-6.q16-8 amd64 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 [133 kB]
Fetched 133 kB in 1s (161 kB/s)               
dpkg: warning: downgrading libmagick++-6.q16-8:amd64 from 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 to 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
(Reading database ... 365814 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libmagick++-6.q16-8_8%3a6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmagick++-6.q16-8:amd64 (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) over (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10) ...
Setting up libmagick++-6.q16-8:amd64 (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.16) ...

------

sudo aptitude install libmagick++-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libexif-dev{ab} libilmbase-dev{a} liblcms2-dev{a} liblqr-1-0-dev{a} libmagick++-6-headers{a} libmagick++-6.q16-dev{a} libmagick++-dev 
  libmagickcore-6-arch-config{a} libmagickcore-6-headers{a} libmagickcore-6.q16-dev{ab} libmagickwand-6-headers{a} 
  libmagickwand-6.q16-dev{ab} libopenexr-dev{ab} librsvg2-dev{ab} libwmf-dev{a} libxt-dev{a} 
0 packages upgraded, 16 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 12,2 MB of archives. After unpacking 29,6 MB will be used.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 librsvg2-dev : Depends: gir1.2-rsvg-2.0 (= 2.48.2-1) but 2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 is installed
                Depends: librsvg2-2 (= 2.48.2-1) but 2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 is installed
                Depends: librsvg2-common (= 2.48.2-1) but 2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 is installed
 libopenexr-dev : Depends: libopenexr24 (= 2.3.0-6build1) but 2.3.0-6ubuntu0.5 is installed
 libmagickwand-6.q16-dev : Depends: libmagickwand-6.q16-6 (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is installed
                           Depends: libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is installed
 libexif-dev : Depends: libexif12 (= 0.6.21-6) but 0.6.21-6ubuntu0.4 is installed
 libmagickcore-6.q16-dev : Depends: libmagickcore-6.q16-6 (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is installed
                           Depends: libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is installed
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:

     Keep the following packages at their current version:
1)     libexif-dev [Not Installed]                        
2)     libmagick++-6.q16-dev [Not Installed]              
3)     libmagick++-dev [Not Installed]                    
4)     libmagickcore-6.q16-dev [Not Installed]            
5)     libmagickwand-6.q16-dev [Not Installed]            
6)     libopenexr-dev [Not Installed]                     
7)     librsvg2-dev [Not Installed]                       

Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] y
No packages will be installed, upgraded, or removed.
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B of archives. After unpacking 0 B will be used.

Ctrl + C

------

sudo apt install libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra=8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 64,6 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2 048 B disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra amd64 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 [64,6 kB]
Fetched 64,6 kB in 1s (82,2 kB/s)                      
dpkg: warning: downgrading libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra:amd64 from 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 to 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
(Reading database ... 365969 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra_8%3a6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra:amd64 (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) over (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10) ...
Setting up libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra:amd64 (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) ...

------

sudo apt install libmagickwand-6.q16-6=8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  libmagickwand-6.q16-6
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 305 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2 048 B disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmagickwand-6.q16-6 amd64 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 [305 kB]
Fetched 305 kB in 1s (301 kB/s)                 
dpkg: warning: downgrading libmagickwand-6.q16-6:amd64 from 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 to 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
(Reading database ... 365969 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libmagickwand-6.q16-6_8%3a6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmagickwand-6.q16-6:amd64 (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) over (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10) ...
Setting up libmagickwand-6.q16-6:amd64 (8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.16) ...

-----

sudo apt install libopenexr24=2.3.0-6build1
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  libopenexr24
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 590 kB of archives.
After this operation, 9 216 B disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libopenexr24 amd64 2.3.0-6build1 [590 kB]
Fetched 590 kB in 2s (353 kB/s)        
dpkg: warning: downgrading libopenexr24:amd64 from 2.3.0-6ubuntu0.5 to 2.3.0-6build1
(Reading database ... 365969 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libopenexr24_2.3.0-6build1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libopenexr24:amd64 (2.3.0-6build1) over (2.3.0-6ubuntu0.5) ...
Setting up libopenexr24:amd64 (2.3.0-6build1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.16) ...

------

sudo apt install librsvg2-common=2.48.2-1
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 librsvg2-common : Depends: librsvg2-2 (= 2.48.2-1) but 2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 is to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

------

sudo aptitude install libmagick++-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libexif-dev{ab} libilmbase-dev{a} liblcms2-dev{a} liblqr-1-0-dev{a} libmagick++-6-headers{a} libmagick++-6.q16-dev{a} libmagick++-dev 
  libmagickcore-6-arch-config{a} libmagickcore-6-headers{a} libmagickcore-6.q16-dev{ab} libmagickwand-6-headers{a} 
  libmagickwand-6.q16-dev{a} libopenexr-dev{a} librsvg2-dev{ab} libwmf-dev{a} libxt-dev{a} 
0 packages upgraded, 16 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 12,2 MB of archives. After unpacking 29,6 MB will be used.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 librsvg2-dev : Depends: gir1.2-rsvg-2.0 (= 2.48.2-1) but 2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 is installed
                Depends: librsvg2-2 (= 2.48.2-1) but 2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 is installed
                Depends: librsvg2-common (= 2.48.2-1) but 2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 is installed
 libexif-dev : Depends: libexif12 (= 0.6.21-6) but 0.6.21-6ubuntu0.4 is installed
 libmagickcore-6.q16-dev : Depends: libmagickcore-6.q16-6 (= 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11) but 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 is installed
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:

     Keep the following packages at their current version:
1)     libexif-dev [Not Installed]                        
2)     libmagick++-6.q16-dev [Not Installed]              
3)     libmagick++-dev [Not Installed]                    
4)     libmagickcore-6.q16-dev [Not Installed]            
5)     libmagickwand-6.q16-dev [Not Installed]            
6)     librsvg2-dev [Not Installed]

Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] n

The following actions will resolve these dependencies:

     Downgrade the following packages:                                                                      
1)     gir1.2-rsvg-2.0 [2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 (now) -> 2.48.2-1 (focal)]                                  
2)     libexif12 [0.6.21-6ubuntu0.4 (now) -> 0.6.21-6 (focal)]                                              
3)     libmagickcore-6.q16-6 [8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11.10 (now) -> 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 (focal)]
4)     librsvg2-2 [2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 (now) -> 2.48.2-1 (focal)]                                       
5)     librsvg2-common [2.48.9-1ubuntu0.20.04.4 (now) -> 2.48.2-1 (focal)]                                  

-------

sudo apt install librsvg2-2=2.48.2-1
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  apg aptdaemon aptdaemon-data apturl-common audacity-data autokey-common avahi-utils brasero-common brave-keyring cdrdao cheese-common
  chromium-common chromium-sandbox cinnamon-desktop-data cinnamon-l10n compiz-core compiz-plugins-default cracklib-runtime cups-pk-helper
  duplicity evince-common evolution-data-server-common fprintd gedit-common gir1.2-accountsservice-1.0 gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-atspi-2.0
  gir1.2-cogl-1.0 gir1.2-coglpango-1.0 gir1.2-dbusmenu-glib-0.4 gir1.2-dee-1.0 gir1.2-gck-1 gir1.2-gdesktopenums-3.0 gir1.2-gdm-1.0
  gir1.2-geoclue-2.0 gir1.2-graphene-1.0 gir1.2-gst-plugins-base-1.0 gir1.2-gstreamer-1.0 gir1.2-gudev-1.0 gir1.2-harfbuzz-0.0 gir1.2-ibus-1.0
  gir1.2-javascriptcoregtk-4.0 gir1.2-json-1.0 gir1.2-libvirt-glib-1.0 gir1.2-notify-0.7 gir1.2-packagekitglib-1.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0
  gir1.2-polkit-1.0 gir1.2-rsvg-2.0 gir1.2-secret-1 gir1.2-soup-2.4 gir1.2-spiceclientglib-2.0 gir1.2-totemplparser-1.0 gir1.2-udisks-2.0
  gir1.2-unity-5.0 gir1.2-upowerglib-1.0 gist gnome-control-center-faces gnome-desktop3-data gnome-keyring-pkcs11 gnome-session-common
  gnome-settings-daemon-common gnome-shell-common gnome-software-common gnome-terminal-data gnome-todo-common gnome-video-effects
  gparted-common grilo-plugins-0.3-base gstreamer1.0-gl gstreamer1.0-nice gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad gthumb-data guile-2.2-libs hwdata hwinfo
  inxi ippusbxd libamtk-5-common libatk-bridge2.0-dev libatk1.0-dev libatkmm-1.6-1v5 libatspi2.0-dev libbabl-0.1-0 libcaf-openmpi-3
  libcairo-gobject-perl libcairo-perl libcairomm-1.0-1v5 libcamel-1.2-62 libcdr-0.1-1 libclutter-1.0-common libcoarrays-openmpi-dev
  libcogl-common libcogl-pango20 libcogl-path20 libcogl20 libcompizconfig0 libcrack2 libcue2 libdatrie-dev libdbus-1-dev libdbusmenu-glib4
  libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libde265-0 libdecoration0 libdee-1.0-4 libdmapsharing-3.0-2 libebackend-1.2-10 libebook-1.2-20 libebook-contacts-1.2-3
  libecal-2.0-1 libedata-book-1.2-26 libedata-cal-2.0-1 libedataserver-1.2-24 libegl1-mesa-dev libepoxy-dev libevent-core-2.1-7 libevent-dev
  libevent-extra-2.1-7 libevent-openssl-2.1-7 libevent-pthreads-2.1-7 libexempi8 libextutils-depends-perl libextutils-pkgconfig-perl
  libfabric1 libfarstream-0.2-5 libflac++6v5 libfluidsynth2 libfm-data libfm-gtk-data libfm4 libfprint-2-2 libfreerdp-client2-2 libfreerdp2-2
  libfribidi-dev libgadu3 libgdm1 libgee-0.8-2 libgeoclue-2-0 libgeocode-glib0 libgexiv2-2 libgjs0g libgl2ps1.4
  libglib-object-introspection-perl libglib-perl libglibmm-2.4-1v5 libgnome-autoar-0-0 libgnome-games-support-common libgnome-todo
  libgnomekbd-common libgom-1.0-0 libgovirt-common libgovirt2 libgpod-common libgpod4 libgraphene-1.0-0 libgraphite2-dev libgrilo-0.3-0
  libgsf-1-114 libgsf-1-common libgsl23 libgslcblas0 libgsound0 libgspell-1-common libgssdp-1.2-0 libgstreamer-gl1.0-0
  libgstreamer-plugins-bad1.0-0 libgtk-3-common libgtk2.0-common libgtksourceview-3.0-common libgtksourceview-4-common libgtop-2.0-11
  libgtop2-common libgupnp-1.2-0 libgupnp-av-1.0-2 libgupnp-dlna-2.0-3 libgupnp-igd-1.0-4 libgvnc-1.0-0 libgweather-common libgxps2
  libharfbuzz-dev libharfbuzz-gobject0 libhd21 libhdf5-openmpi-103 libhwloc-dev libhwloc-plugins libhwloc15 libibus-1.0-5 libibverbs-dev
  libid3tag0 libinstpatch-1.0-2 libjavascriptcoregtk-4.0-18 libjpeg-turbo-progs liblept5 libmeanwhile1 libmediaart-2.0-0 libmessaging-menu0
  libminiupnpc17 libmjpegutils-2.1-0 libmodplug1 libmozjs-68-0 libmpeg2encpp-2.1-0 libmplex2-2.1-0 libnatpmp1 libnetcdf-c++4 libnice10
  libnl-3-dev libnl-route-3-dev libnuma-dev libofa0 libopencv-dnn4.2 libopencv-flann4.2 libopencv-ml4.2 libopencv-photo4.2 libopencv-viz4.2
  libopenmpi-dev libopenmpi3 libopenshot-audio10 libpam-fprintd libpango1.0-dev libpangomm-1.4-1v5 libpangoxft-1.0-0 libpeas-common
  libphodav-2.0-0 libphodav-2.0-common libphonenumber7 libpmix2 libpoppler-glib8 libportsmf0v5 libpotrace0 libprotobuf-c1 libpsm-infinipath1
  libpsm2-2 libpurple-bin libpurple0 libpwquality-common libpwquality1 libqqwing2v5 libqt5webengine-data libqt5webengine5 libqt5webenginecore5
  libqt5webenginewidgets5 librest-0.7-0 librevenge-0.0-0 librsync2 librygel-core-2.6-2 librygel-db-2.6-2 librygel-renderer-2.6-2
  librygel-server-2.6-2 libsgutils2-2 libsoundtouch1 libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libspice-client-glib-2.0-8 libsrtp2-1 libstartup-notification0
  libsysmetrics1 libtesseract4 libthai-dev libtotem-plparser-common libtotem-plparser18 libtracker-control-2.0-0 libtracker-miner-2.0-0
  libtracker-sparql-2.0-0 libunity-protocol-private0 libunity-scopes-json-def-desktop libunity9 libusbredirhost1 libusrsctp1
  libvirt-glib-1.0-0 libvisio-0.1-1 libvncclient1 libvo-aacenc0 libvo-amrwbenc0 libvte-2.91-common libvtk6.3 libwayland-bin libwayland-dev
  libwhoopsie-preferences0 libwildmidi2 libwinpr2-2 libwnck-3-common libwpd-0.10-10 libwpg-0.3-3 libwxbase3.0-0v5 libwxbase3.0-dev
  libwxbase3.1-3v5 libx86emu2 libxcomposite-dev libxcursor-dev libxdamage-dev libxft-dev libxinerama-dev libxkbcommon-dev libxklavier16
  libxnvctrl0 libxrandr-dev libxres1 libxtst-dev libzbar0 libzephyr4 lximage-qt lximage-qt-l10n mobile-broadband-provider-info mutter-common
  nautilus-data nemo-data network-manager-openvpn openmpi-bin openmpi-common pango1.0-tools pcmanfm-qt-l10n pidgin-data
  python-backports.functools-lru-cache python-bs4 python-chardet python-html5lib python-lxml python-numpy python-six python-soupsieve
  python-webencodings python3-aptdaemon python3-brlapi python3-compizconfig python3-cups python3-cupshelpers python3-defer python3-defusedxml
  python3-fasteners python3-ibus-1.0 python3-lockfile python3-louis python3-macaroonbakery python3-mako python3-markupsafe python3-monotonic
  python3-protobuf python3-pyatspi python3-pyinotify python3-pymacaroons python3-pyqt5.qtopengl python3-pyqt5.qtsvg python3-pyqt5.qtwebchannel
  python3-pyqt5.qtwebengine python3-rfc3339 python3-sentry-sdk python3-speechd python3-xlib python3-zmq remmina-common rhythmbox-data rygel
  shotwell-common smartmontools software-properties-common spice-client-glib-usb-acl-helper switcheroo-control syslinux syslinux-common
  syslinux-legacy system-config-printer-udev timgm6mb-soundfont totem-common tracker tracker-extract tracker-miner-fs transmission-common
  update-notifier-common usb-creator-common vim-gui-common wayland-protocols whoopsie-preferences wmctrl wx-common wx3.0-headers
  x11proto-randr-dev x11proto-record-dev x11proto-xinerama-dev xapps-common xbrlapi xscreensaver-data xwayland yelp-xsl zenity-common
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  gthumb-data
Suggested packages:
  librsvg2-bin
Recommended packages:
  yelp librsvg2-common
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  adwaita-icon-theme aisleriot apport-gtk apturl audacity autokey-gtk baobab brave-browser cheese chrome-gnome-shell chromium code
  compizconfig-settings-manager dconf-editor deja-dup dropbox eog evince evolution-data-server file-roller firefox galternatives gcr gdm3
  gedit gir1.2-appindicator3-0.1 gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-clutter-gst-3.0 gir1.2-gcr-3 gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0 gir1.2-gnomedesktop-3.0
  gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-gtk-vnc-2.0 gir1.2-gtkclutter-1.0 gir1.2-gtksource-3.0 gir1.2-gtksource-4 gir1.2-gweather-3.0 gir1.2-handy-0.0
  gir1.2-mutter-6 gir1.2-nma-1.0 gir1.2-peas-1.0 gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-spiceclientgtk-3.0 gir1.2-totem-1.0 gir1.2-vte-2.91 gir1.2-webkit2-4.0
  gir1.2-wnck-3.0 gjs gkbd-capplet gmtp gnome-bluetooth gnome-calculator gnome-calendar gnome-characters gnome-control-center
  gnome-disk-utility gnome-font-viewer gnome-getting-started-docs gnome-getting-started-docs-ru gnome-icon-theme gnome-initial-setup
  gnome-keyring gnome-logs gnome-mahjongg gnome-mines gnome-online-accounts gnome-power-manager gnome-screenshot gnome-session-bin
  gnome-session-canberra gnome-settings-daemon gnome-shell gnome-shell-extension-appindicator gnome-shell-extension-desktop-icons
  gnome-shell-extension-prefs gnome-shell-extension-ubuntu-dock gnome-software gnome-software-plugin-snap gnome-startup-applications
  gnome-sudoku gnome-system-monitor gnome-terminal gnome-todo gnome-tweak-tool gnome-tweaks gnome-user-docs gnome-user-docs-ru
  google-chrome-stable gparted grub-customizer gsmartcontrol gstreamer1.0-clutter-3.0 gthumb humanity-icon-theme ibus ibus-data ibus-gtk
  ibus-gtk3 ibus-table inkscape language-selector-gnome libamtk-5-0 libappindicator3-1 libavahi-ui-gtk3-0 libbrasero-media3-1
  libcanberra-gtk3-0 libcanberra-gtk3-module libcheese-gtk25 libcheese8 libcinnamon-desktop4 libclutter-1.0-0 libclutter-gst-3.0-0
  libclutter-gtk-1.0-0 libcolord-gtk1 libdazzle-1.0-0 libedataserverui-1.2-2 libevdocument3-4 libevview3-3 libfm-gtk4 libfm-modules
  libgail-3-0 libgail-common libgail18 libgcr-ui-3-1 libglade2-0 libgnome-bluetooth13 libgnome-desktop-3-19 libgnome-games-support-1-3
  libgnomekbd8 libgoa-backend-1.0-1 libgspell-1-2 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-dev libgtk-vnc-2.0-0 libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libgtk3-perl
  libgtkmm-2.4-1v5 libgtkmm-3.0-1v5 libgtksourceview-3.0-1 libgtksourceview-4-0 libgtkspell0 libgweather-3-16 libhandy-0.0-0 libmutter-6-0
  libnautilus-extension1a libnemo-extension1 libnma0 libopencv-calib3d4.2 libopencv-contrib4.2 libopencv-features2d4.2 libopencv-highgui4.2
  libopencv-objdetect4.2 libopencv-shape4.2 libopencv-stitching4.2 libopencv-superres4.2 libopencv-video4.2 libopencv-videostab4.2
  libopenshot27 libpeas-1.0-0 librhythmbox-core10 librsvg2-common libspice-client-gtk-3.0-5 libtepl-4-0 libtotem0 libvte-2.91-0
  libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37 libwnck-3-0 libwxgtk3.0-gtk3-0v5 libwxgtk3.0-gtk3-dev libwxgtk3.1-gtk3-3v5 libxapp1 libyelp0 meld mousetweaks mutter
  nautilus nautilus-extension-gnome-terminal nautilus-image-converter nautilus-share nemo nemo-fileroller network-manager-gnome
  network-manager-openvpn-gnome network-manager-pptp-gnome openshot openshot-qt orca paprefs pavucontrol pcmanfm-qt pidgin pinentry-gnome3
  policykit-1-gnome python3-aptdaemon.gtk3widgets python3-openshot qemu-system-gui qt5-gtk-platformtheme remmina remmina-plugin-rdp
  remmina-plugin-secret remmina-plugin-vnc rhythmbox rhythmbox-plugin-alternative-toolbar rhythmbox-plugins seahorse shotwell simple-scan
  skypeforlinux software-properties-gtk spice-vdagent sysmontask system-config-printer system-config-printer-common thunderbird
  thunderbird-gnome-support thunderbird-locale-en thunderbird-locale-en-gb thunderbird-locale-en-us thunderbird-locale-es
  thunderbird-locale-es-ar thunderbird-locale-es-es thunderbird-locale-ru thunderbird-locale-uk totem totem-plugins transmission-gtk
  ubuntu-desktop ubuntu-desktop-minimal ubuntu-docs ubuntu-mono ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk ubuntu-session update-manager update-notifier
  usb-creator-gtk vim-gtk3 vino virt-manager virt-viewer vlc-plugin-notify xdg-desktop-portal-gtk xdg-user-dirs-gtk xscreensaver yad yelp
  zenity
The following packages will be upgraded:
  gthumb-data
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  librsvg2-2
1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 248 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 3 094 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2 973 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

NO

附加信息apt：

apt-cache policy libmagick++-6.q16-dev
libmagick++-6.q16-dev:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
  Version table:
     8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages

apt-cache policy libmagick++-dev 
libmagick++-dev:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: 8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11
  Version table:
     8:6.9.10.23+dfsg-2.1ubuntu11 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe i386 Packages

find /etc/apt/ -name '*.list' -exec echo {} \; -exec cat {} \; -exec echo "----------" \; -exec echo \;
...
/etc/apt/sources.list

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal main universe restricted
----------

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-stable.list
deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian stable main
deb-src [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian stable main

deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ stable-security main
deb-src [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ stable-security main

deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian stable-updates main
deb-src [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian stable-updates main
...
----------

在我的 lubuntu 24.04 上，我有一个小的 / 文件系统，因此我会不时检查是否有足够的可用空间。

为此我使用

sudo du -xh -d 3 / | sort -h -r | egrep -v '*M|*K'
grep: warning: * at start of expression
grep: warning: * at start of expression
27G     /
12G     /var
10G     /var/cache
9,8G    /var/cache/apt
9,6G    /usr
6,0G    /usr/lib
5,6G    /boot
2,8G    /boot/ubuntu-20.10
2,5G    /boot/bullseye
2,2G    /usr/share
1,9G    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
1,7G    /var/lib

这不是我的空间消失了的问题，我无法弄清楚警告是什么意思以及如何避免它。

env | grep -i shell
SHELL=/bin/bash

我只是让 ubuntu 进行更新（不是从命令行，而是在软件更新程序的 GUI 中提示时），它已经停止并出现一个对话框：

帮助信息没有帮助，因为它没有解释要做什么 - 我是否应该选中该框并继续？

因为这似乎与启动有关，是否意味着如果我做错了什么，它就会损坏笔记本电脑，并且我将无法启动它并丢失所有内容？

硬件没有改变，我看不出光盘（只有一个）的 UID 会改变的任何原因。到底发生了什么？

请提供任何建议？？？（抱歉，帮助图像占用了太多空间 - 您无法复制和粘贴文本，并且窗口不会垂直调整大小以消除空白 - 哎呀）

我的问题很简单。我想ñ在 Ubuntu 24.04 的德语键盘上输入西班牙语字母。我该怎么做？

这可能吗？我发现在互联网上很难找到相关信息。要输入西班牙语问号，¿我只需使用Strg+ Alt Gr+ ?。我以为有这样的组合键可以输入西班牙语ñ字母，或者至少有类似Alt Gr+ +→ 的键n。

我的意思是，有可能使用组合方式并输入一个 UTF-8 字符。Strg++ →→然后结果就是输入了字母，但这种方式有点麻烦。Shiftu00F1Enterñ

1- 我无法调整显示大小。它只显示缩放比例，而不是调整大小。如何调整屏幕大小？

2- 我已经在 Ubuntu 20.04 设备 => 共享文件夹 => 共享文件夹设置 => 机器文件夹 => 添加新共享文件夹 => 自动挂载 => 设为永久。我还关闭了 Virtual Box 中的 Ubuntu 20.04 并重新启动。我无法在“其他位置”找到该文件夹​​。请告诉我如何在 Virtual Box 中在 Windows 主机和 Ubuntu 之间共享文件夹？

目前，这就是我在 Ubuntu VM 中所拥有的。我按照正在观看的视频中的指南进行操作，但它一直说有语法错误。我多次检查并进行了新安装，但仍然有相同的错误。

我有一个功能齐全的 XUbuntu 24.04.1 安装。Xfce 正在使用 X11 显示服务器，但我找不到启用 Wayland 的方法。

$ echo $XDG_SESSION_TYPE
x11

我读过的几乎每一篇文章都说要在 /etc/gdm3/custom.conf 中进行更改，但我不仅没有该文件，甚至没有 gdm3 目录！我也没有在登录屏幕上看到任何可以更改为 Wayland 的方法，而这正是我希望看到它的地方。

如何在 XUbuntu 24.04 中切换到 Wayland 合成器？ 如果我需要添加除 xfce 之外的第二个桌面环境来启用切换，那没问题。

我想使用 curl 保存用于 TLS 的主密钥。根据文档，它支持SSLKEYLOGFILE环境变量来设置密钥的保存路径。

因此，我从这样一个简单的脚本开始：

export SSLKEYLOGFILE=~/tests/out_key.log
curl -is "https://some_site.com"

这确实有效，但我还发现我可以用一行代码来完成：

SLKEYLOGFILE=sslkey.log curl -s https://some_site.com

有人能解释一下为什么这样做有效吗？我以为这只SSLKEYLOGFILE适用于环境变量，而要做到这一点，我必须使用export关键字...我注意到将其分成两行是行不通的：

SSLKEYLOGFILE=sslkey.log 
curl -s https://some_site.com

那么，这里发生了什么事？

我试过所有方法，但就是不起作用。首先，我在 2011 年中期将 Lubuntu 安装在我的旧 MacBook Air 11" 上。看上去很成功，但它经常无缘无故地冻结。我尝试了一些在线阅读的修复方法，但都不起作用。然后我想到安装 Ubuntu，但笔记本电脑在安装完成之前一直冻结。出于绝望，我尝试重新安装原始 Lion X 操作系统，但三个选项都不起作用（原始、该笔记本电脑的最新可用版本和最新安装）。在这么旧的机器上安装新操作系统有什么魔力吗？我看到很多 YouTube 视频，上面提到的任何操作系统的安装都运行顺利……但我的不行。

有什么想法吗？应该不难。有人对这个安装有积极的体验吗？你的机器运行得怎么样？

干杯，PT