如何从命令行查看所有启动任务？

由于 debian 是一个基于 systemd 的发行版，因此您可以获得所有不错的工具！

因此，我不仅为您提供了系统处于“我已完成启动！”状态所需启动的所有事项的列表，而且还提供了一些其他工具的示例，您可以使用这些工具来获得更深入的了解上次启动期间发生的情况。

# Gives you a text-art tree of all the units that get started for
# your default boot target:

sudo systemctl list-dependencies default.target


# Takes the log from the last boot, and analyzes the critical chain, i.e.,
# what the things were the "next thing to happen" waited for the longest.
# For example, for a webserver to start, you might need to wait both for
# network to be up, as well as for the database server to be ready. The
# webserver might be the thing that the multiuser target was waiting for
# the longest, and not the synchronization of mails. 
# This critical chain will show what was "blocking" the system from
# continuing to boot for the most part. It is a useful tool if you want to 
# figure out how to optimize boot speed:

sudo systemd-analyze critical-chain


# Takes the log from the last boot, and list what took how long to
# start (and if it finishes, and isn't persistent, to finish), and
# outputs it as SVG data, which you can look at e.g. in your browser:

sudo systemd-analyze plot > boot-timings.svg
 

请注意，这仅包含“正常”系统启动中的内容。如果您有一个计时器（无论是通过 cron 还是其他方式），那么 systemd 就无法知道这一点。但这总是一样的——这总是一个很好的方式来忘记你做了一些滥用 cron 作为启动时启动的工具的事情，所以 Linux 发行版非常严格地不允许软件包设置实际上并不存在的 cronjobs cronjobs 但隐藏了启动时的启动程序。