Leonardo Ramé's questions

当我列出带有以下内容的驱动器时，出现输入/输出错误：fdisk -l

Failed to read extended partition table (offset=3886721022): Input/output error
Disk /dev/sda: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x7ac0eeb9

Device     Boot      Start        End    Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1             2048 3886718975 3886716928  1.8T fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sda2       3886721022 3907028991   20307970  9.7G  5 Extended

Partition 2 does not start on physical sector boundary.


Disk /dev/sdb: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x7ac0eeb9

Device     Boot      Start        End    Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1             2048 3886718975 3886716928  1.8T fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdb2       3886721022 3907028991   20307970  9.7G  5 Extended
/dev/sdb5       3886721024 3907028991   20307968  9.7G fd Linux raid autodetect

Partition 2 does not start on physical sector boundary.


Disk /dev/md1: 9.7 GiB, 10389291008 bytes, 20291584 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/md0: 1.8 TiB, 1989864849408 bytes, 3886454784 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

然后，/proc/mdstat：

Personalities : [raid1] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] 
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[2]
      1943227392 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U]
      bitmap: 15/15 pages [60KB], 65536KB chunk

md1 : active raid1 sdb5[2]
      10145792 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U]
      
unused devices: <none>

然后：mdadm --detail /dev/md0：

/dev/md0:
        Version : 1.2
  Creation Time : Tue Mar 20 06:41:14 2018
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 1943227392 (1853.21 GiB 1989.86 GB)
  Used Dev Size : 1943227392 (1853.21 GiB 1989.86 GB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 1
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

  Intent Bitmap : Internal

    Update Time : Thu Nov 23 16:21:07 2023
          State : clean, degraded 
 Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0

           Name : impacs:0
           UUID : 619c5551:3e475969:80882df7:7da3f864
         Events : 18817061

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       0        0        0      removed
       2       8       17        1      active sync   /dev/sdb1

然后：mdadm --detail /dev/md1：

/dev/md1:
        Version : 1.2
  Creation Time : Tue Mar 20 06:41:40 2018
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 10145792 (9.68 GiB 10.39 GB)
  Used Dev Size : 10145792 (9.68 GiB 10.39 GB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 1
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

    Update Time : Thu Nov 23 14:19:34 2023
          State : clean, degraded 
 Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0

           Name : impacs:1
           UUID : 1b9a0dc4:cc30cd7e:274fefd9:55266436
         Events : 70615

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       0        0        0      removed
       2       8       21        1      active sync   /dev/sdb5

我没看到/dev/sda那里，我怎么知道它是否在RAID中使用？

我正在尝试使用 连接到 smtp.googlemail.com openssl，从 Ubuntu 16.04 我可以毫无问题地登录和发送电子邮件，但是从 Centos5 我得到这个：

/usr/local/ssl/bin/openssl s_client -starttls smtp -connect smtp.googlemail.com:587 -crlf -ign_eof
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = GeoTrust Inc., CN = GeoTrust Global CA
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google Inc/CN=smtp.googlemail.com
   i:/C=US/O=Google Inc/CN=Google Internet Authority G2
 1 s:/C=US/O=Google Inc/CN=Google Internet Authority G2
   i:/C=US/O=GeoTrust Inc./CN=GeoTrust Global CA
 2 s:/C=US/O=GeoTrust Inc./CN=GeoTrust Global CA
   i:/C=US/O=Equifax/OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google Inc/CN=smtp.googlemail.com
issuer=/C=US/O=Google Inc/CN=Google Internet Authority G2
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4001 bytes and written 508 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
    Protocol  : TLSv1.2
    Cipher    : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
    Session-ID: 917A4A945C1AD702E8F0588217413B3311AA226D7E78BDD87B8596965AA0D620
    Session-ID-ctx: 
    Master-Key: 43A388B6FF51CFC304F63D3EEC61912670C38CF7ECB347F521C48CD094C333BBBE4532FBCB5D41203543B8F0D081C2BA
    Key-Arg   : None
    PSK identity: None
    PSK identity hint: None
    SRP username: None
    TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 100800 (seconds)
    TLS session ticket:
    0000 - bf cf bb fc 16 de 25 7a-cd bc 70 64 54 37 f0 60   ......%z..pdT7.`
    0010 - 65 97 fe f6 65 24 c0 c6-5e 9f a8 e2 8f 5e 20 76   e...e$..^....^ v
    0020 - 89 d7 f7 29 2c 43 fe f5-b9 95 c9 f3 ca 66 e6 cf   ...),C.......f..
    0030 - 53 20 86 84 1e 53 08 23-cf 14 56 23 d4 2f 45 1e   S ...S.#..V#./E.
    0040 - f1 68 0a d8 6a e1 06 e9-d5 d0 59 fc 86 df 0b f8   .h..j.....Y.....
    0050 - 1b be d0 a3 40 83 3d 3c-d0 ce ba 07 a9 46 d7 6d   ....@.=<.....F.m
    0060 - 73 35 cd 72 04 3a 5b 90-a2 db 1a e2 7b 78 6e 90   s5.r.:[.....{xn.
    0070 - 74 91 52 1e 10 68 15 58-5f b7 4d 0f ba 9e 2f 32   t.R..h.X_.M.../2
    0080 - ac 78 92 37 47 d3 3c 3e-fd b0 ec 61 83 78 6e 48   .x.7G.<>...a.xnH
    0090 - 61 27 ea 01 d7 74 3e 97-ab 72 05 00 78 3a 6d 9d   a'...t>..r..x:m.
    00a0 - b4 a0 57 e9                                       ..W.

    Start Time: 1483556858
    Timeout   : 300 (sec)
    Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)

看起来 OpenSSL 找不到所需的根证书，对吗？好的，我该如何解决这个问题？

我正在尝试将数据库从 PostgreSql 8.3 升级到 8.4，我从 8.3 备份数据并从 8.4 恢复没有问题，但是，当我尝试使用与 8.3 完美连接的同一个程序时，它会抛出错误：

Invalid byte sequence for character encoding <<WIN1252>>: 0x00

有谁知道会发生什么？

我需要将 PostgreSql 数据库从 8.3 Windows 移动到在 Linux（Ubuntu Server 12.04）上运行的 8.4。

恢复显然是可以的，但是当我尝试在我的程序中显示数据时，我收到一条错误消息，说 WIN1252 编码不支持某些字符。

原始数据库具有以下属性：

编码：WIN1252 LC_CTYPE：English_United States.1252 LC_COLLATE：English_United States.1252

我可以使用 LC_CTYPE = "C" 和 LC_COLLATE = "C" 来恢复数据库，这样我就可以在我的程序中获得不支持的字符。

如果我尝试使用此命令创建数据库：

createdb -h 127.0.0.1 \
--encoding=WIN1252 \
--lc-ctype='English_United States.1252' \
--lc-collate='English_United States.1252' \
-T template0  -U postgres mydb

我收到此错误：

createdb: falló la creación de la base de datos:
ERROR:  el nombre de configuración regional «English_United States.1252» no es válido

首先，我怎样才能让我的操作系统包含这个区域配置？

我想测量备份 PostgresSql 数据库所需的时间，我知道我可以做到time pg_dump ....，但是如果我已经启动了 pg_dump 命令怎么办？。

这个过程已经花了半个多小时，我不想打破它就知道了。我很确定还需要一个小时（那时我会在家）。我想知道明天花了多少时间。