像我们许多人一样，我昨天花了很多时间更新了很多系统以减轻Meltdown 和 Spectre 攻击。据我了解，有必要安装两个软件包并重新启动：
kernel-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64
microcode_ctl-2.1-22.2.el7.x86_64
我有两个安装了这些软件包并重新启动的 CentOS 7 系统。
根据 Red Hat 的说法，我可以通过检查这些 sysctl 并确保它们都为 1 来检查缓解状态。但是，在这些系统上，它们并不都是 1：
# cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/pti_enabled
1
# cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/ibpb_enabled
0
# cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/ibrs_enabled
0
而且我也不能将它们设置为 1：
# echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/x86/ibpb_enabled
-bash: echo: write error: No such device
# echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/x86/ibrs_enabled
-bash: echo: write error: No such device
我确认英特尔微码似乎已在启动时加载：
# systemctl status microcode -l
● microcode.service - Load CPU microcode update
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/microcode.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Fri 2018-01-05 16:42:25 UTC; 9min ago
Process: 30383 ExecStart=/usr/bin/bash -c grep -l GenuineIntel /proc/cpuinfo | xargs grep -l -E "model[[:space:]]*: 79$" > /dev/null || echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 30383 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Jan 05 16:42:25 makrura systemd[1]: Starting Load CPU microcode update...
Jan 05 16:42:25 makrura systemd[1]: Started Load CPU microcode update.
Evendmesg似乎已经证实了这一点：
[ 3.245580] microcode: CPU0 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245627] microcode: CPU1 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245674] microcode: CPU2 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245722] microcode: CPU3 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245768] microcode: CPU4 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245816] microcode: CPU5 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245869] microcode: CPU6 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245880] microcode: CPU7 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245924] microcode: CPU8 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245972] microcode: CPU9 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.245989] microcode: CPU10 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.246036] microcode: CPU11 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.246083] microcode: CPU12 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.246131] microcode: CPU13 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.246179] microcode: CPU14 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.246194] microcode: CPU15 sig=0x50662, pf=0x10, revision=0xf
[ 3.246273] microcode: Microcode Update Driver: v2.01 <[email protected]>, Peter Oruba
我有一个以前代号为 Broadwell 的 Intel CPU：
processor : 15
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 86
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU D-1540 @ 2.00GHz
stepping : 2
microcode : 0xf
cpu MHz : 2499.921
cache size : 12288 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 16
core id : 7
cpu cores : 8
apicid : 15
initial apicid : 15
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 20
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch epb cat_l3 invpcid_single intel_pt tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm rdt_a rdseed adx smap xsaveopt cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local dtherm ida arat pln pts
bogomips : 3999.90
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:
该cpuid实用程序报告：
# cpuid -1
Disclaimer: cpuid may not support decoding of all cpuid registers.
CPU:
vendor_id = "GenuineIntel"
version information (1/eax):
processor type = primary processor (0)
family = Intel Pentium Pro/II/III/Celeron/Core/Core 2/Atom, AMD Athlon/Duron, Cyrix M2, VIA C3 (6)
model = 0x6 (6)
stepping id = 0x2 (2)
extended family = 0x0 (0)
extended model = 0x5 (5)
(simple synth) = Intel Xeon D-1500 (Broadwell-DE V1), 14nm
miscellaneous (1/ebx):
process local APIC physical ID = 0x9 (9)
cpu count = 0x10 (16)
CLFLUSH line size = 0x8 (8)
brand index = 0x0 (0)
brand id = 0x00 (0): unknown
feature information (1/edx):
x87 FPU on chip = true
virtual-8086 mode enhancement = true
debugging extensions = true
page size extensions = true
time stamp counter = true
RDMSR and WRMSR support = true
physical address extensions = true
machine check exception = true
CMPXCHG8B inst. = true
APIC on chip = true
SYSENTER and SYSEXIT = true
memory type range registers = true
PTE global bit = true
machine check architecture = true
conditional move/compare instruction = true
page attribute table = true
page size extension = true
processor serial number = false
CLFLUSH instruction = true
debug store = true
thermal monitor and clock ctrl = true
MMX Technology = true
FXSAVE/FXRSTOR = true
SSE extensions = true
SSE2 extensions = true
self snoop = true
hyper-threading / multi-core supported = true
therm. monitor = true
IA64 = false
pending break event = true
feature information (1/ecx):
PNI/SSE3: Prescott New Instructions = true
PCLMULDQ instruction = true
64-bit debug store = true
MONITOR/MWAIT = true
CPL-qualified debug store = true
VMX: virtual machine extensions = true
SMX: safer mode extensions = true
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology = true
thermal monitor 2 = true
SSSE3 extensions = true
context ID: adaptive or shared L1 data = false
FMA instruction = true
CMPXCHG16B instruction = true
xTPR disable = true
perfmon and debug = true
process context identifiers = true
direct cache access = true
SSE4.1 extensions = true
SSE4.2 extensions = true
extended xAPIC support = true
MOVBE instruction = true
POPCNT instruction = true
time stamp counter deadline = true
AES instruction = true
XSAVE/XSTOR states = true
OS-enabled XSAVE/XSTOR = true
AVX: advanced vector extensions = true
F16C half-precision convert instruction = true
RDRAND instruction = true
hypervisor guest status = false
cache and TLB information (2):
0x63: data TLB: 1G pages, 4-way, 4 entries
0x03: data TLB: 4K pages, 4-way, 64 entries
0x76: instruction TLB: 2M/4M pages, fully, 8 entries
0xff: cache data is in CPUID 4
0xb5: instruction TLB: 4K, 8-way, 64 entries
0xf0: 64 byte prefetching
0xc3: L2 TLB: 4K/2M pages, 6-way, 1536 entries
processor serial number: 0005-0662-0000-0000-0000-0000
deterministic cache parameters (4):
--- cache 0 ---
cache type = data cache (1)
cache level = 0x1 (1)
self-initializing cache level = true
fully associative cache = false
extra threads sharing this cache = 0x1 (1)
extra processor cores on this die = 0x7 (7)
system coherency line size = 0x3f (63)
physical line partitions = 0x0 (0)
ways of associativity = 0x7 (7)
ways of associativity = 0x0 (0)
WBINVD/INVD behavior on lower caches = false
inclusive to lower caches = false
complex cache indexing = false
number of sets - 1 (s) = 63
--- cache 1 ---
cache type = instruction cache (2)
cache level = 0x1 (1)
self-initializing cache level = true
fully associative cache = false
extra threads sharing this cache = 0x1 (1)
extra processor cores on this die = 0x7 (7)
system coherency line size = 0x3f (63)
physical line partitions = 0x0 (0)
ways of associativity = 0x7 (7)
ways of associativity = 0x0 (0)
WBINVD/INVD behavior on lower caches = false
inclusive to lower caches = false
complex cache indexing = false
number of sets - 1 (s) = 63
--- cache 2 ---
cache type = unified cache (3)
cache level = 0x2 (2)
self-initializing cache level = true
fully associative cache = false
extra threads sharing this cache = 0x1 (1)
extra processor cores on this die = 0x7 (7)
system coherency line size = 0x3f (63)
physical line partitions = 0x0 (0)
ways of associativity = 0x7 (7)
ways of associativity = 0x0 (0)
WBINVD/INVD behavior on lower caches = false
inclusive to lower caches = false
complex cache indexing = false
number of sets - 1 (s) = 511
--- cache 3 ---
cache type = unified cache (3)
cache level = 0x3 (3)
self-initializing cache level = true
fully associative cache = false
extra threads sharing this cache = 0xf (15)
extra processor cores on this die = 0x7 (7)
system coherency line size = 0x3f (63)
physical line partitions = 0x0 (0)
ways of associativity = 0xb (11)
ways of associativity = 0x6 (6)
WBINVD/INVD behavior on lower caches = false
inclusive to lower caches = true
complex cache indexing = true
number of sets - 1 (s) = 16383
MONITOR/MWAIT (5):
smallest monitor-line size (bytes) = 0x40 (64)
largest monitor-line size (bytes) = 0x40 (64)
enum of Monitor-MWAIT exts supported = true
supports intrs as break-event for MWAIT = true
number of C0 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x0 (0)
number of C1 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x2 (2)
number of C2 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x1 (1)
number of C3 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x2 (2)
number of C4 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x0 (0)
number of C5 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x0 (0)
number of C6 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x0 (0)
number of C7 sub C-states using MWAIT = 0x0 (0)
Thermal and Power Management Features (6):
digital thermometer = true
Intel Turbo Boost Technology = true
ARAT always running APIC timer = true
PLN power limit notification = true
ECMD extended clock modulation duty = true
PTM package thermal management = true
HWP base registers = false
HWP notification = false
HWP activity window = false
HWP energy performance preference = false
HWP package level request = false
HDC base registers = false
digital thermometer thresholds = 0x2 (2)
ACNT/MCNT supported performance measure = true
ACNT2 available = false
performance-energy bias capability = true
extended feature flags (7):
FSGSBASE instructions = true
IA32_TSC_ADJUST MSR supported = true
SGX: Software Guard Extensions supported = false
BMI instruction = true
HLE hardware lock elision = true
AVX2: advanced vector extensions 2 = true
FDP_EXCPTN_ONLY = false
SMEP supervisor mode exec protection = true
BMI2 instructions = true
enhanced REP MOVSB/STOSB = true
INVPCID instruction = true
RTM: restricted transactional memory = true
QM: quality of service monitoring = true
deprecated FPU CS/DS = true
intel memory protection extensions = false
PQE: platform quality of service enforce = true
AVX512F: AVX-512 foundation instructions = false
AVX512DQ: double & quadword instructions = false
RDSEED instruction = true
ADX instructions = true
SMAP: supervisor mode access prevention = true
AVX512IFMA: fused multiply add = false
CLFLUSHOPT instruction = false
CLWB instruction = false
Intel processor trace = true
AVX512PF: prefetch instructions = false
AVX512ER: exponent & reciprocal instrs = false
AVX512CD: conflict detection instrs = false
SHA instructions = false
AVX512BW: byte & word instructions = false
AVX512VL: vector length = false
PREFETCHWT1 = false
AVX512VBMI: vector byte manipulation = false
UMIP: user-mode instruction prevention = false
PKU protection keys for user-mode = false
OSPKE CR4.PKE and RDPKRU/WRPKRU = false
BNDLDX/BNDSTX MAWAU value in 64-bit mode = 0x0 (0)
RDPID: read processor D supported = false
SGX_LC: SGX launch config supported = false
AVX512_4VNNIW: neural network instrs = false
AVX512_4FMAPS: multiply acc single prec = false
Direct Cache Access Parameters (9):
PLATFORM_DCA_CAP MSR bits = 1
Architecture Performance Monitoring Features (0xa/eax):
version ID = 0x3 (3)
number of counters per logical processor = 0x4 (4)
bit width of counter = 0x30 (48)
length of EBX bit vector = 0x7 (7)
Architecture Performance Monitoring Features (0xa/ebx):
core cycle event not available = false
instruction retired event not available = false
reference cycles event not available = false
last-level cache ref event not available = false
last-level cache miss event not avail = false
branch inst retired event not available = false
branch mispred retired event not avail = false
Architecture Performance Monitoring Features (0xa/edx):
number of fixed counters = 0x3 (3)
bit width of fixed counters = 0x30 (48)
x2APIC features / processor topology (0xb):
--- level 0 (thread) ---
bits to shift APIC ID to get next = 0x1 (1)
logical processors at this level = 0x2 (2)
level number = 0x0 (0)
level type = thread (1)
extended APIC ID = 9
--- level 1 (core) ---
bits to shift APIC ID to get next = 0x4 (4)
logical processors at this level = 0x10 (16)
level number = 0x1 (1)
level type = core (2)
extended APIC ID = 9
XSAVE features (0xd/0):
XCR0 lower 32 bits valid bit field mask = 0x00000007
XCR0 upper 32 bits valid bit field mask = 0x00000000
XCR0 supported: x87 state = true
XCR0 supported: SSE state = true
XCR0 supported: AVX state = true
XCR0 supported: MPX BNDREGS = false
XCR0 supported: MPX BNDCSR = false
XCR0 supported: AVX-512 opmask = false
XCR0 supported: AVX-512 ZMM_Hi256 = false
XCR0 supported: AVX-512 Hi16_ZMM = false
IA32_XSS supported: PT state = false
XCR0 supported: PKRU state = false
bytes required by fields in XCR0 = 0x00000340 (832)
bytes required by XSAVE/XRSTOR area = 0x00000340 (832)
XSAVE features (0xd/1):
XSAVEOPT instruction = true
XSAVEC instruction = false
XGETBV instruction = false
XSAVES/XRSTORS instructions = false
SAVE area size in bytes = 0x00000000 (0)
IA32_XSS lower 32 bits valid bit field mask = 0x00000000
IA32_XSS upper 32 bits valid bit field mask = 0x00000000
AVX/YMM features (0xd/2):
AVX/YMM save state byte size = 0x00000100 (256)
AVX/YMM save state byte offset = 0x00000240 (576)
supported in IA32_XSS or XCR0 = XCR0 (user state)
64-byte alignment in compacted XSAVE = false
Quality of Service Monitoring Resource Type (0xf/0):
Maximum range of RMID = 63
supports L3 cache QoS monitoring = false
L3 Cache Quality of Service Monitoring (0xf/1):
Conversion factor from IA32_QM_CTR to bytes = 32768
Maximum range of RMID = 63
supports L3 occupancy monitoring = true
supports L3 total bandwidth monitoring = true
supports L3 local bandwidth monitoring = true
Resource Director Technology allocation (0x10/0):
L3 cache allocation technology supported = true
L2 cache allocation technology supported = false
L3 Cache Allocation Technology (0x10/1):
length of capacity bit mask - 1 = 0xb (11)
Bit-granular map of isolation/contention = 0x00000c00
infrequent updates of COS = true
code and data prioritization supported = false
highest COS number supported = 0xb (11)
0x00000011 0x00: eax=0x00000000 ebx=0x00000000 ecx=0x00000000 edx=0x00000000
SGX capability (0x12/0):
SGX1 supported = false
SGX2 supported = false
MISCSELECT.EXINFO supported: #PF & #GP = false
MaxEnclaveSize_Not64 (log2) = 0x0 (0)
MaxEnclaveSize_64 (log2) = 0x0 (0)
0x00000013 0x00: eax=0x00000000 ebx=0x00000000 ecx=0x00000000 edx=0x00000000
Intel Processor Trace (0x14):
IA32_RTIT_CR3_MATCH is accessible = true
configurable PSB & cycle-accurate = false
IP & TraceStop filtering; PT preserve = false
MTC timing packet; suppress COFI-based = false
PTWRITE support = false
power event trace support = false
IA32_RTIT_CTL can enable tracing = true
ToPA can hold many output entries = false
single-range output scheme = false
output to trace transport = false
IP payloads have LIP values & CS = false
extended feature flags (0x80000001/edx):
SYSCALL and SYSRET instructions = true
execution disable = true
1-GB large page support = true
RDTSCP = true
64-bit extensions technology available = true
Intel feature flags (0x80000001/ecx):
LAHF/SAHF supported in 64-bit mode = true
LZCNT advanced bit manipulation = true
3DNow! PREFETCH/PREFETCHW instructions = true
brand = "Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU D-1540 @ 2.00GHz"
L1 TLB/cache information: 2M/4M pages & L1 TLB (0x80000005/eax):
instruction # entries = 0x0 (0)
instruction associativity = 0x0 (0)
data # entries = 0x0 (0)
data associativity = 0x0 (0)
L1 TLB/cache information: 4K pages & L1 TLB (0x80000005/ebx):
instruction # entries = 0x0 (0)
instruction associativity = 0x0 (0)
data # entries = 0x0 (0)
data associativity = 0x0 (0)
L1 data cache information (0x80000005/ecx):
line size (bytes) = 0x0 (0)
lines per tag = 0x0 (0)
associativity = 0x0 (0)
size (KB) = 0x0 (0)
L1 instruction cache information (0x80000005/edx):
line size (bytes) = 0x0 (0)
lines per tag = 0x0 (0)
associativity = 0x0 (0)
size (KB) = 0x0 (0)
L2 TLB/cache information: 2M/4M pages & L2 TLB (0x80000006/eax):
instruction # entries = 0x0 (0)
instruction associativity = L2 off (0)
data # entries = 0x0 (0)
data associativity = L2 off (0)
L2 TLB/cache information: 4K pages & L2 TLB (0x80000006/ebx):
instruction # entries = 0x0 (0)
instruction associativity = L2 off (0)
data # entries = 0x0 (0)
data associativity = L2 off (0)
L2 unified cache information (0x80000006/ecx):
line size (bytes) = 0x40 (64)
lines per tag = 0x0 (0)
associativity = 8-way (6)
size (KB) = 0x100 (256)
L3 cache information (0x80000006/edx):
line size (bytes) = 0x0 (0)
lines per tag = 0x0 (0)
associativity = L2 off (0)
size (in 512KB units) = 0x0 (0)
Advanced Power Management Features (0x80000007/edx):
temperature sensing diode = false
frequency ID (FID) control = false
voltage ID (VID) control = false
thermal trip (TTP) = false
thermal monitor (TM) = false
software thermal control (STC) = false
100 MHz multiplier control = false
hardware P-State control = false
TscInvariant = true
Physical Address and Linear Address Size (0x80000008/eax):
maximum physical address bits = 0x2e (46)
maximum linear (virtual) address bits = 0x30 (48)
maximum guest physical address bits = 0x0 (0)
Logical CPU cores (0x80000008/ecx):
number of CPU cores - 1 = 0x0 (0)
ApicIdCoreIdSize = 0x0 (0)
(multi-processing synth): multi-core (c=8), hyper-threaded (t=2)
(multi-processing method): Intel leaf 0xb
(APIC widths synth): CORE_width=4 SMT_width=1
(APIC synth): PKG_ID=0 CORE_ID=4 SMT_ID=1
(synth) = Intel Xeon D-1500 (Broadwell-DE V1), 14nm
该系统完全是最新的：
# yum upgrade
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: centos.mirror.colo-serv.net
* epel: mirror.steadfast.net
* extras: centos.mirror.colo-serv.net
* updates: centos.mirror.colo-serv.net
No packages marked for update
我觉得我错过了一些重要的事情，但在这一点上我真的不知道它可能是什么。这里发生了什么？如何让系统完全缓解？
我在 Fedora 27 工作站、具有 Core i7-3770 CPU 的台式机和具有 Core i7-7500U 的笔记本电脑上也看到了相同的行为。
如https://access.redhat.com/articles/3311301中所述
...
您似乎还需要更新 BIOS 来启用 CVE-2017-5715 的缓解措施。
我很早就在其他地方读过这篇文章，但现在找不到参考资料。
更新：似乎与操作系统更新一起发布的微码更新是正在运行的微码的二进制补丁，而不是完整的微码替换。换句话说，它们需要 BIOS/处理器中特定的基本 ucode 版本才能对其进行修补。出于这个原因，在我手头的所有机器上都需要更新 BIOS/固件，而这个 BIOS 更新已经嵌入了修补过的微码。作为参考，DELL 刚刚发布了 14/13/12 代 PowerEdge 服务器所需的固件更新，第 11 代服务器的修复程序将在月底发布。
TL;DR：微码更新似乎非常匆忙。我认为我们必须等待几天/几周才能完全了解/发现哪些处理器/步进/型号/SKU 将收到正确的更新。
长版：在三个更新的系统中，一个（较旧的）正确加载了新的微码并启用了相关缓解措施：
/lib/firmware/我一直在使用Spectre Meltdown Checker脚本来快速了解我的物理和虚拟系统的状态，因为我正在处理许多内核和平台变体。
见：https ://github.com/speed47/spectre-meltdown-checker
输出显示在管理程序主机和裸机服务器上需要更新 BIOS。这是我处理的系统的供应商问题。我不会依赖 RHEL/CentOS 的微码补丁。
根据我从下面提到的来源收集的信息，您共享的 dmesg 输出缺少指示 CPU 在启动时更新微码的输出。
我在 CentOS/RedHat 上找不到这方面的文档，但这里有两个来自 ArchLinux 和 Debian 的资料：
[1] https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/microcode#Verifying_that_microcode_got_updated_on_boot
[2] https://wiki.debian.org/Microcode#Checking_the_microcode_version_of_your_CPU
两者都表明，在成功的微码更新后，您应该会看到如下输出：
这是 [1] 提供的完整输出行，它指出您应该在成功的微码更新时看到与此类似的内容：
您提供的内容与 [1] 状态相匹配的是您在 CPU 没有微码更新时应该看到的内容。
从您上面的其他评论和答案来看 - 在这一点上这些都不应该令人惊讶，但我认为指出您的 dmesg 输出和缓解结果之间的联系可能会有所帮助。