问题[python](coding)

为什么两种情况下的输出不同。我是这个库的新手

案例 1

import numpy as np


np.random.seed(2)

array = np.random.random((3,1))
print('Printing array : \n', array)
print('printing array - 1 : \n',array-1)

Output :
Printing array : 
[[0.4359949 ]
[0.02592623]
[0.54966248]]
printing array - 1 : 
[[-0.5640051 ]
[-0.97407377]
[-0.45033752]]

这是可以的，因为每个元素都会减去 1

案例 2

print('Printing array : \n', np.random.random ((3,1))-1)

输出：

Printing array : 
 [[-0.56467761]
 [-0.5796322 ]
 [-0.66966518]]

为什么这两个输出不同？ np.random.random ((3,1)）在两种情况下应该相同（相同的种子），因此减去 1 应该产生相同的输出。我搞砸了什么？

我运行了代码，期望两种情况下的输出相同

我想分离我用 scipy findpeaks 计算的条纹（红色曲线），我该如何实现。我想将它们分离并存储在文本文件中。

import numpy as np
from scipy.signal import find_peaks
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


X = np.load('X.npy')  
Y = np.load('Y.npy')  
P_new = np.load('P_new.npy')  

# Example data: Replace with your actual data
T = np.real(P_new)  # Simulating a 2D matrix

# Plot the original image
plt.figure()
plt.imshow(T, cmap='jet', aspect='auto')
plt.colorbar()
plt.title('Original Image')
plt.show()

# Peak detection parameters
min_peak_dist = 3   # Minimum distance between peaks
min_peak_h = 3e-5   # Minimum peak height

x_coords = []
y_coords = []

# Process all rows from top to bottom
for k in range(T.shape[0]):
      tex = T[k, :]
      peaks, _ = find_peaks(tex, distance=min_peak_dist, height=min_peak_h)

if peaks.size > 0:
      x_coords.extend(X[k, peaks])
      y_coords.extend(Y[k, peaks])

# Plot detected peaks
plt.figure()
plt.scatter(x_coords, y_coords, color='r', s=2)  # 's' controls marker size
plt.xlabel('X Coordinate')
plt.ylabel('Y Coordinate')
plt.title('Detected Fringes in Real-World Coordinates')
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

绘图数据在这里

我想看到的只是像这样的独立边缘：

以前我可以使用 cv2 方法轮廓来完成，_ = cv2.findContours(edges, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)，但这是从查找边缘开始，这对我来说不是很严格，就像查找实际数据的峰值一样。

有人能帮忙吗？谢谢

我有多个 Networkx 图（具有节点属性），我需要将它们表示为字符串。有几种方法可以做到这一点，但我需要始终为相等的图获取相同的字符串（不是同构的，相等的意思是graphs_equal返回 true）。有没有办法将图转换为字符串并保证这一点？

我正在使用 Django REST Framework 并尝试创建一个 API 端点，该端点返回实时比赛详情及其相关分数。我有两个模型，Match 和 Score，其中 Score 与 Match 有外键关联。但是，当我序列化 Match 模型时，响应仅包含比赛详情，而不包含任何分数信息。

我的序列化器如下所示：

class ScoreSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Score
        fields = ['id', 'run', 'wickets', 'overs']

class MatchSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    scores = ScoreSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = Match
        fields = '__all__'

这是我的视图代码：

def livematch(request):
    live_matches = Match.objects.filter(match_mode='Live')
    serializer = MatchSerializer(live_matches, many=True)
    return Response({'success': True, 'data': serializer.data})

我正在从事这个 ml 项目，我需要使用 pip 安装 catboost 和 xgboost。xgboost 已成功安装，但 catboost 一直出现相同的错误：

(venv) D:\ML bootcamp\mlproject>pip install catboost        
Collecting catboost
  Using cached catboost-1.2.7.tar.gz (71.5 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  × Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [24 lines of output]
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "D:\ML bootcamp\mlproject\venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 389, in <module>
          main()
          ~~~~^^
        File "D:\ML bootcamp\mlproject\venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 373, in main
          json_out["return_val"] = hook(**hook_input["kwargs"])
                                   ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "D:\ML bootcamp\mlproject\venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 143, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return hook(config_settings)
        File "C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-xzdiplgy\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 334, in get_requires_for_build_wheel       
          return self._get_build_requires(config_settings, requirements=[])
                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-xzdiplgy\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 304, in _get_build_requires
          self.run_setup()
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
        File "C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-xzdiplgy\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 522, in run_setup
          super().run_setup(setup_script=setup_script)      
          ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "<string>", line 733, in <module>
        File "<string>", line 205, in get_catboost_version
      KeyError: 'VERSION'
      [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

我已经尽我所能了，但我不知道还能做什么来解决这个问题。如果有人知道解决办法，请告诉我。

_VALUE我正在解析 C 源文件。我想匹配所有以 , ... , 结尾但不以CANA_, CANB_... ,开头的变量（蛇形大小写格式）CANF_。我需要匹配整个变量名以便稍后替换。

这是我目前使用的 python 设置

import re

def signal_ending_VALUE_updater(match: re.Match) -> str:
    groups = match.groupdict()
    return some_operation_on(group["SIGNAL_NAME"])

REGEX=r"(?<!CAN[A-F]_)\b(?P<SIGNAL_NAME>\w+_VALUE)\b"

with open(file_path,'r') as f:
   content = f.read()
   content_new = re.sub(REGEX,signal_ending_VALUE_updater,content)

不幸的是，这个正则表达式并不总是有效，例如如果我们尝试这个 testacase

test="        shared->option.mem = ((canAGetScuHmiVehReqLiftModBtnSt() == CANA_SCU_HMI_VEH_REQ_LIFT_MOD_BTN_ST_PRESSED_VALUE) ||"
re.find(REGEX,test)

CANA_SCU_HMI...将返回我不想匹配的变量 ( )。我在正则表达式中没有考虑到什么？

正则表达式背后的想法是：

• (?<!CAN[A-F]_)：使用负向后视确保匹配不以 CAN 开头，后跟字母 A、B、C、D、E 或 F 之一以及下划线 (_)。
• \b：单词边界，确保我们匹配的是整个单词，而不是单词的一部分
• (?P<SIGNAL_NAME>\w+_VALUE)：
  • (?P<SIGNAL_NAME>...)：组队比赛同名SIGNAL_NAME
  • \w[a-zA-Z0-9_]与将匹配蛇形命名变量名相同
  • +确保之前有一个或多个
  • _VALUE与变量名末尾的文字字符串 _VALUE 匹配。
• \b这又是一个词边界，确保匹配在变量名之后立即结束。

是否可以使用 Google Drive API 将 Drive 中文件的访问选项从“受限”更改为“任何有链接的人”？

filename= 'filename' file_metadata = { 'name' : filename, 'parents' : [PARENT_FOLDER_ID], 'type':'anyone', 'role':'reader' }

我尝试调整“类型”参数，但这似乎与问题无关。

我正在尝试在 Crypto.com 的交易所测试一个基本的交易脚本，但我一直收到此消息。

API 响应：{'code'：40101，'message'：'身份验证失败'} 购买订单响应：{'code'：40101，'message'：'身份验证失败'}

我尝试创建几个新的 API 密钥并确保我完全复制了它们，但仍然出现相同的错误。我认为我的数字签名有问题，但我不确定是什么问题。

我发现这篇文章中有一个类似的问题，但我无法通过阅读它找出我的问题。

www.crypto.com 身份验证，python HMAC-SHA256

以下是删除了我的 API 密钥后的代码。

import requests
import hmac
import hashlib
import json
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

# Replace with your Crypto.com API credentials
API_KEY = "MY_API_KEY"
API_SECRET = "MY_API_SECRET"
BASE_URL = "https://api.crypto.com/exchange/v1"
SYMBOL = "BTC_USDT"
BUY_AMOUNT = 0.00001  # Adjust according to your trading strategy, 0.00002 min order qty
SELL_THRESHOLD = 1.005  # 0.5% increase
last_buy_price = None  # Store the last buy price


def generate_signature(payload: dict) -> str:
    """Generates HMAC signature for authentication."""
    message = json.dumps(payload, separators=(',', ':'), sort_keys=True)
    return hmac.new(API_SECRET.encode(), message.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()


def get_ticker():
    """Fetches the latest ticker information."""
    endpoint = f"{BASE_URL}/public/get-tickers"
    params = {"instrument_name": SYMBOL}
    response = requests.get(endpoint, params=params)
    data = response.json()

    if "result" in data and "data" in data["result"]:
        ticker_data = data["result"]["data"]
        if isinstance(ticker_data, list):
            return ticker_data[0]  # Extract the first item if it's a list
        return ticker_data
    else:
        raise ValueError("Unexpected API response structure: " + str(data))


def place_buy_order():
    """Places a buy order for BTC."""
    global last_buy_price
    endpoint = f"{BASE_URL}/private/create-order"
    timestamp = int(time.time() * 1000)
    ticker_data = get_ticker()
    
     # Ensure price precision (Crypto.com may require specific decimal places)
    buy_price = str(round(float(ticker_data["a"]), 2))  # Convert price to string with 2 decimal places
    buy_amount = str(format(BUY_AMOUNT,'f'))  # Ensure minimum order quantity and convert to type string

    params = {
        "instrument_name": SYMBOL,
        "price": buy_price,
        "quantity": buy_amount,
        "side": "BUY",
        "type": "LIMIT"
    }

    payload = {
        "api_key": API_KEY,        
        "id": timestamp,
        "method": "private/create-order",
        "params": params,
        "nonce": timestamp
    }
    payload["sig"] = generate_signature(payload)
    headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}

    # Debugging: Print request payload
    print("Payload being sent:", json.dumps(payload, indent=2))
    
    response = requests.post(endpoint, json=payload, headers=headers)
    response_data = response.json()
    
    print("API Response:", response.json())

    if response.status_code == 200 and response_data.get("code") == 0:
        last_buy_price = float(buy_price)  # Update last buy price  

    return response_data


def place_sell_order():
    """Places a sell order for BTC."""
    endpoint = f"{BASE_URL}/private/create-order"
    timestamp = int(time.time() * 1000)
    ticker_data = get_ticker()
    
    # Ensure price precision (Crypto.com may require specific decimal places)
    sell_price = str(round(float(ticker_data["a"]), 2))  # Adjust precision if needed
    sell_amount = str(format(BUY_AMOUNT,'f'))  # Ensure minimum order quantity and convert to type string
    
    params = {
        "instrument_name": SYMBOL,
        "price": sell_price,
        "quantity": sell_amount,
"side": "SELL",
        "type": "LIMIT"
    }

    payload = {
        "api_key": API_KEY,
        "id": timestamp,
        "method": "private/create-order",
        "params": params,
        "nonce": timestamp
    }
    payload["sig"] = generate_signature(payload)
    headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}

    # Debugging: Print request payload
    print("Payload being sent:", json.dumps(payload, indent=2))

    response = requests.post(endpoint, json=payload, headers=headers)
    response_data = response.json()

    print("API Response:", response.json())

    return response_data


def check_price_drop():
    """Checks if BTC price dropped more than 0.25% in the last 24 hours."""
    price_data = get_ticker()

    if isinstance(price_data, list):
        price_data = price_data[0]  # If it's a list, take the first element

    current_price = float(price_data["a"])
    high_price_24h = float(price_data["h"])
    drop_percentage = (high_price_24h - current_price) / high_price_24h * 100
    return drop_percentage >= 0.25


def check_price_rise():
    """Checks if BTC price increased more than 0.5% above the last buy price."""
    global last_buy_price
    if last_buy_price is None:
        return False
    
    price_data = get_ticker()
    if isinstance(price_data, list):
        price_data = price_data[0]
    
    current_price = float(price_data["a"])
    return current_price >= last_buy_price * SELL_THRESHOLD


if __name__ == "__main__":
    while True:
        try:
            if check_price_drop():
                print("Price dropped more than 0.25%! Placing buy order...")
                order_response = place_buy_order()
                print("Buy Order Response:", order_response)
            elif check_price_rise():
                print("Price increased 0.5% above last buy price! Placing sell order...")
                order_response = place_sell_order()
                print("Sell Order Response:", order_response)
            else:
                print("No significant price movement detected. Checking again in 5 minutes.")
        except Exception as e:
            print("Error:", e)
        
        time.sleep(300)  # Check every 5 minutes

我更新了生成签名函数如下，并解决了该问题。

def generate_signature(request_body: dict, secret_key: str) -> str:
    """Generates a valid HMAC SHA256 signature according to Crypto.com API documentation."""
    
    # Extract necessary fields
    method = request_body["method"]
    req_id = str(request_body["id"])
    api_key = request_body["api_key"]
    nonce = str(request_body["nonce"])
    
    # Convert 'params' to a correctly formatted string
    def params_to_str(params, level=0):
        if params is None:
            return ""
        if isinstance(params, dict):
            return "".join(
                key + params_to_str(params[key], level + 1)
                for key in sorted(params.keys())
            )
        if isinstance(params, list):
            return "".join(params_to_str(item, level + 1) for item in params)
        return str(params)

    param_string = params_to_str(request_body.get("params", {}))
    
    # Construct the final signature payload
    sig_payload = method + req_id + api_key + param_string + nonce

    # Generate HMAC-SHA256 signature
    signature = hmac.new(
        secret_key.encode(), sig_payload.encode(), hashlib.sha256
    ).hexdigest()

    return signature

我正在尝试解决这个编码难题：“给定一个对数组，每对 (x, y)，都是整数，表示笛卡尔坐标平面中某个点的坐标，找出多组共线的三点。”

事实证明下面这个是正确的算法：

def gcd(x, y):
    if y == 0:
        return x
    else:
        return gcd(y, x % y)

def how_many_3point_in_line( points ):
    ans = 0
    n = len( points )
    for i in range( n - 2 ):
        slopes = defaultdict( int )
        for j in range( i + 1, n ):
            dy, dx = points[i][1] - points[j][1], points[i][0] - points[j][0]
            gcd_num = gcd( dx, dy )
            slopes[( dy // gcd_num, dx // gcd_num )] += 1
        for _, occ in slopes.items():
            ans += math.comb( occ, 2 )
    return ans

显然，gcd 用于表示斜率，它解决了什么问题？

只是好奇选项 (b) 是否比选项 (a) 更有效？乍一看，选项 (a) 的操作将比选项 (b) 多几倍。但我对df中的一百万行进行了一些模拟，选项 (b) 平均只快了一小部分。这是否意味着 Pandas 会自动对选项 (a) 中的所有标量操作进行分组？

（a）变量 a、b、c、d、e、f 都是标量。

    df['val2'] = (a*b+c*d)*df['val1']*e/f

（二）

    x = (a*b+c*d)*e/f
    df['val2'] = df['val1']*x