Great question, Paul! I used a couple different approaches, one in T-SQL and one in CLR.

T-SQL quick summary

The T-SQL approach can be summarized as the following steps:

• Take the cross-product of products/dates
• Merge in the observed sales data
• Aggregate that data to the product/date level
• Compute rolling sums over the past 45 days based on this aggregate data (which contains any "missing" days filled in)
• Filter those results to only the product/date pairings that had one or more sales

Using SET STATISTICS IO ON, this approach reports Table 'TransactionHistory'. Scan count 1, logical reads 484, which confirms the "single pass" over the table. For reference, the original loop-seek query reports Table 'TransactionHistory'. Scan count 113444, logical reads 438366.

As reported by SET STATISTICS TIME ON, the CPU time is 514ms. This compares favorably to 2231ms for the original query.

CLR quick summary

The CLR summary can be summarized as the following steps:

• Read the data into memory, ordered by product and date
• While processing each transaction, add to a running total of the costs. Whenever a transaction is a different product than the previous transaction, reset the running total to 0.
• Maintain a pointer to the first transaction that has the same (product, date) as the current transaction. Whenever the last transaction with that (product, date) is encountered, compute the rolling sum for that transaction and apply it to all transactions with the same (product, date)
• Return all of the results to the user!

Using SET STATISTICS IO ON, this approach reports that no logical I/O has occurred! Wow, a perfect solution! (Actually, it seems that SET STATISTICS IO does not report I/O incurred within CLR. But from the code, it is easy to see that exactly one scan of the table is made and retrieves the data in order by the index Paul suggested.

As reported by SET STATISTICS TIME ON, the CPU time is now 187ms. So this is quite an improvement over the T-SQL approach. Unfortunately, the overall elapsed time of both approaches is very similar at about half a second each. However, the CLR based approach does have to output 113K rows to the console (vs. just 52K for the T-SQL approach that groups by product/date), so that's why I've focused on CPU time instead.

Another big advantage of this approach is that it yields exactly the same results as the original loop/seek approach, including a row for every transaction even in cases where a product is sold multiple times on the same day. (On AdventureWorks, I specifically compared row-by-row results and confirmed that they tie out with Paul's original query.)

A disadvantage of this approach, at least in its current form, is that it reads all data in memory. However, the algorithm that has been designed only strictly needs the current window frame in memory at any given time and could be updated to work for data sets that exceed memory. Paul has illustrated this point in his answer by producing an implementation of this algorithm that stores only the sliding window in memory. This comes at the expense of granting higher permissions to CLR assembly, but would definitely be worthwhile in scaling this solution up to arbitrarily large data sets.

T-SQL - one scan, grouped by date

Initial setup

USE AdventureWorks2012
GO
-- Create Paul's index
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX i
ON Production.TransactionHistory (ProductID, TransactionDate, ReferenceOrderID)
INCLUDE (ActualCost);
GO
-- Build calendar table for 2000 ~ 2020
CREATE TABLE dbo.calendar (d DATETIME NOT NULL CONSTRAINT PK_calendar PRIMARY KEY)
GO
DECLARE @d DATETIME = '1/1/2000'
WHILE (@d < '1/1/2021')
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO dbo.calendar (d) VALUES (@d)
    SELECT @d =  DATEADD(DAY, 1, @d)
END
GO

The query

DECLARE @minAnalysisDate DATE = '2007-09-01', -- Customizable start date depending on business needs
        @maxAnalysisDate DATE = '2008-09-03'  -- Customizable end date depending on business needs
SELECT ProductID, TransactionDate, ActualCost, RollingSum45, NumOrders
FROM (
    SELECT ProductID, TransactionDate, NumOrders, ActualCost,
        SUM(ActualCost) OVER (
                PARTITION BY ProductId ORDER BY TransactionDate 
                ROWS BETWEEN 45 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
            ) AS RollingSum45
    FROM (
        -- The full cross-product of products and dates, combined with actual cost information for that product/date
        SELECT p.ProductID, c.d AS TransactionDate,
            COUNT(TH.ProductId) AS NumOrders, SUM(TH.ActualCost) AS ActualCost
        FROM Production.Product p
        JOIN dbo.calendar c
            ON c.d BETWEEN @minAnalysisDate AND @maxAnalysisDate
        LEFT OUTER JOIN Production.TransactionHistory TH
            ON TH.ProductId = p.productId
            AND TH.TransactionDate = c.d
        GROUP BY P.ProductID, c.d
    ) aggsByDay
) rollingSums
WHERE NumOrders > 0
ORDER BY ProductID, TransactionDate
-- MAXDOP 1 to avoid parallel scan inflating the scan count
OPTION (MAXDOP 1)

The execution plan

From the execution plan, we see that the original index proposed by Paul is sufficient to allow us to perform a single ordered scan of Production.TransactionHistory, using a merge join to combine the transaction history with each possible product/date combination.

Assumptions

There are a few significant assumptions baked into this approach. I suppose it will be up to Paul to decide whether they are acceptable :)

• I am using the Production.Product table. This table is freely available on AdventureWorks2012 and the relationship is enforced by a foreign key from Production.TransactionHistory, so I interpreted this as fair game.
• This approach relies on the fact that transactions do not have a time component on AdventureWorks2012; if they did, generating the full set of product/date combinations would no longer be possible without first taking a pass over the transaction history.
• I am producing a rowset that contains just one row per product/date pair. I think that this is "arguably correct" and in many cases a more desirable result to return. For each product/date, I have added a NumOrders column to indicate how many sales occurred. See the following screenshot for a comparison of the results of the original query vs. the proposed query in cases where a product was sold multiple times on the same date (e.g., 319 / 2007-09-05 00:00:00.000)

CLR - one scan, full ungrouped result set

The main function body

There isn't a ton to see here; the main body of the function declares the inputs (which must match the corresponding SQL function), sets up a SQL connection, and opens the SQLReader.

// SQL CLR function for rolling SUMs on AdventureWorks2012.Production.TransactionHistory
[SqlFunction(DataAccess = DataAccessKind.Read,
    FillRowMethodName = "RollingSum_Fill",
    TableDefinition = "ProductId INT, TransactionDate DATETIME, ReferenceOrderID INT," +
                      "ActualCost FLOAT, PrevCumulativeSum FLOAT, RollingSum FLOAT")]
public static IEnumerable RollingSumTvf(SqlInt32 rollingPeriodDays) {
    using (var connection = new SqlConnection("context connection=true;")) {
        connection.Open();
        List<TrxnRollingSum> trxns;
        using (var cmd = connection.CreateCommand()) {
            //Read the transaction history (note: the order is important!)
            cmd.CommandText = @"SELECT ProductId, TransactionDate, ReferenceOrderID,
                                    CAST(ActualCost AS FLOAT) AS ActualCost 
                                FROM Production.TransactionHistory 
                                ORDER BY ProductId, TransactionDate";
            using (var reader = cmd.ExecuteReader()) {
                trxns = ComputeRollingSums(reader, rollingPeriodDays.Value);
            }
        }

        return trxns;
    }
}

The core logic

I've separated out the main logic so that's easier to focus on:

// Given a SqlReader with transaction history data, computes / returns the rolling sums
private static List<TrxnRollingSum> ComputeRollingSums(SqlDataReader reader,
                                                        int rollingPeriodDays) {
    var startIndexOfRollingPeriod = 0;
    var rollingSumIndex = 0;
    var trxns = new List<TrxnRollingSum>();

    // Prior to the loop, initialize "next" to be the first transaction
    var nextTrxn = GetNextTrxn(reader, null);
    while (nextTrxn != null)
    {
        var currTrxn = nextTrxn;
        nextTrxn = GetNextTrxn(reader, currTrxn);
        trxns.Add(currTrxn);

        // If the next transaction is not the same product/date as the current
        // transaction, we can finalize the rolling sum for the current transaction
        // and all previous transactions for the same product/date
        var finalizeRollingSum = nextTrxn == null || (nextTrxn != null &&
                                (currTrxn.ProductId != nextTrxn.ProductId ||
                                currTrxn.TransactionDate != nextTrxn.TransactionDate));
        if (finalizeRollingSum)
        {
            // Advance the pointer to the first transaction (for the same product)
            // that occurs within the rolling period
            while (startIndexOfRollingPeriod < trxns.Count
                && trxns[startIndexOfRollingPeriod].TransactionDate <
                    currTrxn.TransactionDate.AddDays(-1 * rollingPeriodDays))
            {
                startIndexOfRollingPeriod++;
            }

            // Compute the rolling sum as the cumulative sum (for this product),
            // minus the cumulative sum for prior to the beginning of the rolling window
            var sumPriorToWindow = trxns[startIndexOfRollingPeriod].PrevSum;
            var rollingSum = currTrxn.ActualCost + currTrxn.PrevSum - sumPriorToWindow;
            // Fill in the rolling sum for all transactions sharing this product/date
            while (rollingSumIndex < trxns.Count)
            {
                trxns[rollingSumIndex++].RollingSum = rollingSum;
            }
        }

        // If this is the last transaction for this product, reset the rolling period
        if (nextTrxn != null && currTrxn.ProductId != nextTrxn.ProductId)
        {
            startIndexOfRollingPeriod = trxns.Count;
        }
    }

    return trxns;
}

Helpers

The following logic could be written inline, but it's a little easier to read when they are split out into their own methods.

private static TrxnRollingSum GetNextTrxn(SqlDataReader r, TrxnRollingSum currTrxn) {
    TrxnRollingSum nextTrxn = null;
    if (r.Read()) {
        nextTrxn = new TrxnRollingSum {
            ProductId = r.GetInt32(0),
            TransactionDate = r.GetDateTime(1),
            ReferenceOrderId = r.GetInt32(2),
            ActualCost = r.GetDouble(3),
            PrevSum = 0 };
        if (currTrxn != null) {
            nextTrxn.PrevSum = (nextTrxn.ProductId == currTrxn.ProductId)
                    ? currTrxn.PrevSum + currTrxn.ActualCost : 0;
        }
    }
    return nextTrxn;
}

// Represents the output to be returned
// Note that the ReferenceOrderId/PrevSum fields are for debugging only
private class TrxnRollingSum {
    public int ProductId { get; set; }
    public DateTime TransactionDate { get; set; }
    public int ReferenceOrderId { get; set; }
    public double ActualCost { get; set; }
    public double PrevSum { get; set; }
    public double RollingSum { get; set; }
}

// The function that generates the result data for each row
// (Such a function is mandatory for SQL CLR table-valued functions)
public static void RollingSum_Fill(object trxnWithRollingSumObj,
                                    out int productId,
                                    out DateTime transactionDate, 
                                    out int referenceOrderId, out double actualCost,
                                    out double prevCumulativeSum,
                                    out double rollingSum) {
    var trxn = (TrxnRollingSum)trxnWithRollingSumObj;
    productId = trxn.ProductId;
    transactionDate = trxn.TransactionDate;
    referenceOrderId = trxn.ReferenceOrderId;
    actualCost = trxn.ActualCost;
    prevCumulativeSum = trxn.PrevSum;
    rollingSum = trxn.RollingSum;
}

Tying it all together in SQL

Everything up to this point has been in C#, so let's see the actual SQL involved. (Alternatively, you can use this deployment script to create the assembly directly from the bits of my assembly rather than compiling yourself.)

USE AdventureWorks2012; /* GPATTERSON2\SQL2014DEVELOPER */
GO

-- Enable CLR
EXEC sp_configure 'clr enabled', 1;
GO
RECONFIGURE;
GO

-- Create the assembly based on the dll generated by compiling the CLR project
-- I've also included the "assembly bits" version that can be run without compiling
CREATE ASSEMBLY ClrPlayground
-- See http://pastebin.com/dfbv1w3z for a "from assembly bits" version
FROM 'C:\FullPathGoesHere\ClrPlayground\bin\Debug\ClrPlayground.dll'
WITH PERMISSION_SET = safe;
GO

--Create a function from the assembly
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.RollingSumTvf (@rollingPeriodDays INT)
RETURNS TABLE ( ProductId INT, TransactionDate DATETIME, ReferenceOrderID INT,
                ActualCost FLOAT, PrevCumulativeSum FLOAT, RollingSum FLOAT)
-- The function yields rows in order, so let SQL Server know to avoid an extra sort
ORDER (ProductID, TransactionDate, ReferenceOrderID)
AS EXTERNAL NAME ClrPlayground.UserDefinedFunctions.RollingSumTvf;
GO

-- Now we can actually use the TVF!
SELECT * 
FROM dbo.RollingSumTvf(45) 
ORDER BY ProductId, TransactionDate, ReferenceOrderId
GO

Caveats

The CLR approach provides a lot more flexibility to optimize the algorithm, and it could probably be tuned even further by an expert in C#. However, there are also downsides to the CLR strategy. A few things to keep in mind:

• This CLR approach keeps a copy of the data set in memory. It is possible to use a streaming approach, but I encountered initial difficulties and found that there is an outstanding Connect issue complaining that changes in SQL 2008+ make it more difficult to use this type of approach. It's still possible (as Paul demonstrates), but requires a higher level of permissions by setting the database as TRUSTWORTHY and granting EXTERNAL_ACCESS to the CLR assembly. So there is some hassle and potential security implication, but the payoff is a streaming approach that can better scale to much larger data sets than those on AdventureWorks.
• CLR may be less accessible to some DBAs, making such a function more of a black box that is not as transparent, not as easily modified, not as easily deployed, and perhaps not as easily debugged. This is a pretty big disadvantage when compared to a T-SQL approach.

Bonus: T-SQL #2 - the practical approach I'd actually use

After trying to think about the problem creatively for a while, I thought I'd also post the fairly simple, practical way that I would likely choose to tackle this problem if it came up in my daily work. It does make use of SQL 2012+ window functionality, but not in type of groundbreaking way that the question was hoping for:

-- Compute all running costs into a #temp table; Note that this query could simply read
-- from Production.TransactionHistory, but a CROSS APPLY by product allows the window 
-- function to be computed independently per product, supporting a parallel query plan
SELECT t.*
INTO #runningCosts
FROM Production.Product p
CROSS APPLY (
    SELECT t.ProductId, t.TransactionDate, t.ReferenceOrderId, t.ActualCost,
        -- Running sum of the cost for this product, including all ties on TransactionDate
        SUM(t.ActualCost) OVER (
            ORDER BY t.TransactionDate 
            RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) AS RunningCost
    FROM Production.TransactionHistory t
    WHERE t.ProductId = p.ProductId
) t
GO

-- Key the table in our output order
ALTER TABLE #runningCosts
ADD PRIMARY KEY (ProductId, TransactionDate, ReferenceOrderId)
GO

SELECT r.ProductId, r.TransactionDate, r.ReferenceOrderId, r.ActualCost,
    -- Cumulative running cost - running cost prior to the sliding window
    r.RunningCost - ISNULL(w.RunningCost,0) AS RollingSum45
FROM #runningCosts r
OUTER APPLY (
    -- For each transaction, find the running cost just before the sliding window begins
    SELECT TOP 1 b.RunningCost
    FROM #runningCosts b
    WHERE b.ProductId = r.ProductId
        AND b.TransactionDate < DATEADD(DAY, -45, r.TransactionDate)
    ORDER BY b.TransactionDate DESC
) w
ORDER BY r.ProductId, r.TransactionDate, r.ReferenceOrderId
GO

This actually yields a fairly simple overall query plan, even when looking at the both of the two relevant query plans together:

A few reasons I like this approach:

• It yields the full result set requested in the problem statement (as opposed to most other T-SQL solutions, which return a grouped version of the results).
• It is easy to explain, understand, and debug; I won't come back a year later and wonder how the heck I can make a small change without ruining the correctness or performance
• It runs in about 900ms on the provided data set, rather than the 2700ms of the original loop-seek
• If the data were much denser (more transactions per day), the computational complexity does not grow quadratically with the number of transactions in the sliding window (as it does for the original query); I think this addresses part of Paul's concern about wanted to avoid multiple scans
• It results in essentially no tempdb I/O in recent updates of SQL 2012+ due to new tempdb lazy write functionality
• For very large data sets, it is trivial to split the work into separate batches for each product if memory pressure were to become a concern

A couple potential caveats:

• While it technically does scan Production.TransactionHistory just once, it's not truly a "one scan" approach because the #temp table of similar size and will need to perform additional logicion I/O on that table as well. However, I don't see this as too different from a work table that we have more manual control over since we have defined its precise structure
• Depending on your environment, the usage of tempdb could be viewed as a positive (e.g., it's on a separate set of SSD drives) or a negative (high concurrency on the server, lots of tempdb contention already)

Esta é uma resposta longa, então decidi adicionar um resumo aqui.

• Inicialmente apresento uma solução que produz exatamente o mesmo resultado na mesma ordem da questão. Ele verifica a tabela principal 3 vezes: para obter uma lista ProductIDscom o intervalo de datas de cada Produto, para somar os custos de cada dia (porque existem várias transações com as mesmas datas), para unir o resultado com as linhas originais.
• Em seguida, comparo duas abordagens que simplificam a tarefa e evitam uma última varredura da tabela principal. Seu resultado é um resumo diário, ou seja, se várias transações em um Produto tiverem a mesma data, elas serão roladas em uma única linha. Minha abordagem da etapa anterior verifica a tabela duas vezes. A abordagem de Geoff Patterson varre a tabela uma vez, porque ele usa conhecimento externo sobre o intervalo de datas e a lista de Produtos.
• Por fim, apresento uma solução de passagem única que retorna novamente um resumo diário, mas não requer conhecimento externo sobre intervalo de datas ou lista de arquivos ProductIDs.

Usarei o banco de dados AdventureWorks2014 e o SQL Server Express 2014.

Alterações no banco de dados original:

• Tipo alterado de [Production].[TransactionHistory].[TransactionDate]de datetimepara date. O componente de tempo era zero de qualquer maneira.
• Tabela de calendário adicionada [dbo].[Calendar]
• Índice adicionado a[Production].[TransactionHistory]

.

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Calendar]
(
    [dt] [date] NOT NULL,
    CONSTRAINT [PK_Calendar] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [dt] ASC
))

CREATE UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [i] ON [Production].[TransactionHistory]
(
    [ProductID] ASC,
    [TransactionDate] ASC,
    [ReferenceOrderID] ASC
)
INCLUDE ([ActualCost])

-- Init calendar table
INSERT INTO dbo.Calendar (dt)
SELECT TOP (50000)
    DATEADD(day, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY s1.[object_id])-1, '2000-01-01') AS dt
FROM sys.all_objects AS s1 CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects AS s2
OPTION (MAXDOP 1);

O artigo do MSDN sobre a OVERcláusula tem um link para uma excelente postagem de blog sobre funções de janela de Itzik Ben-Gan. Nesse post, ele explica como OVERfunciona, a diferença entre ROWSe RANGEopções e menciona esse mesmo problema de calcular uma soma contínua em um intervalo de datas. Ele menciona que a versão atual do SQL Server não implementa RANGEtotalmente e não implementa tipos de dados de intervalo temporal. Sua explicação da diferença entre ROWSe RANGEme deu uma idéia.

Datas sem lacunas e duplicatas

Se TransactionHistorya tabela contiver datas sem lacunas e sem duplicatas, a consulta a seguir produzirá resultados corretos:

SELECT
    TH.ProductID,
    TH.TransactionDate,
    TH.ActualCost,
    RollingSum45 = SUM(TH.ActualCost) OVER (
        PARTITION BY TH.ProductID
        ORDER BY TH.TransactionDate
        ROWS BETWEEN 
            45 PRECEDING
            AND CURRENT ROW)
FROM Production.TransactionHistory AS TH
ORDER BY
    TH.ProductID,
    TH.TransactionDate,
    TH.ReferenceOrderID;

De fato, uma janela de 45 linhas cobriria exatamente 45 dias.

Datas com lacunas sem duplicatas

Infelizmente, nossos dados têm lacunas nas datas. Para resolver este problema podemos usar uma Calendartabela para gerar um conjunto de datas sem gaps, então LEFT JOINdados originais para este conjunto e usar a mesma consulta com ROWS BETWEEN 45 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW. Isso produziria resultados corretos apenas se as datas não se repetirem (dentro do mesmo ProductID).

Datas com lacunas com duplicatas

Infelizmente, nossos dados têm lacunas nas datas e as datas podem se repetir no mesmo arquivo ProductID. Para resolver este problema, podemos criar GROUPdados originais ProductID, TransactionDategerando um conjunto de datas sem duplicatas. Em seguida, use Calendara tabela para gerar um conjunto de datas sem lacunas. Em seguida, podemos usar a consulta com ROWS BETWEEN 45 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROWpara calcular o rolamento SUM. Isso produziria resultados corretos. Veja os comentários na consulta abaixo.

WITH

-- calculate Start/End dates for each product
CTE_Products
AS
(
    SELECT TH.ProductID
        ,MIN(TH.TransactionDate) AS MinDate
        ,MAX(TH.TransactionDate) AS MaxDate
    FROM [Production].[TransactionHistory] AS TH
    GROUP BY TH.ProductID
)

-- generate set of dates without gaps for each product
,CTE_ProductsWithDates
AS
(
    SELECT CTE_Products.ProductID, C.dt
    FROM
        CTE_Products
        INNER JOIN dbo.Calendar AS C ON
            C.dt >= CTE_Products.MinDate AND
            C.dt <= CTE_Products.MaxDate
)

-- generate set of dates without duplicates for each product
-- calculate daily cost as well
,CTE_DailyCosts
AS
(
    SELECT TH.ProductID, TH.TransactionDate, SUM(ActualCost) AS DailyActualCost
    FROM [Production].[TransactionHistory] AS TH
    GROUP BY TH.ProductID, TH.TransactionDate
)

-- calculate rolling sum over 45 days
,CTE_Sum
AS
(
    SELECT
        CTE_ProductsWithDates.ProductID
        ,CTE_ProductsWithDates.dt
        ,CTE_DailyCosts.DailyActualCost
        ,SUM(CTE_DailyCosts.DailyActualCost) OVER (
            PARTITION BY CTE_ProductsWithDates.ProductID
            ORDER BY CTE_ProductsWithDates.dt
            ROWS BETWEEN 45 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS RollingSum45
    FROM
        CTE_ProductsWithDates
        LEFT JOIN CTE_DailyCosts ON 
            CTE_DailyCosts.ProductID = CTE_ProductsWithDates.ProductID AND
            CTE_DailyCosts.TransactionDate = CTE_ProductsWithDates.dt
)

-- remove rows that were added by Calendar, which fill the gaps in dates
-- add back duplicate dates that were removed by GROUP BY
SELECT
    TH.ProductID
    ,TH.TransactionDate
    ,TH.ActualCost
    ,CTE_Sum.RollingSum45
FROM
    [Production].[TransactionHistory] AS TH
    INNER JOIN CTE_Sum ON
        CTE_Sum.ProductID = TH.ProductID AND
        CTE_Sum.dt = TH.TransactionDate
ORDER BY
    TH.ProductID
    ,TH.TransactionDate
    ,TH.ReferenceOrderID
;

Confirmei que essa consulta produz os mesmos resultados que a abordagem da questão que usa subconsulta.

Planos de execução

A primeira consulta usa a subconsulta, a segunda - essa abordagem. Você pode ver que a duração e o número de leituras são muito menores nessa abordagem. A maioria do custo estimado nesta abordagem é o final ORDER BY, veja abaixo.

A abordagem de subconsulta tem um plano simples com loops aninhados e O(n*n)complexidade.

Planeje essa abordagem verifica TransactionHistoryvárias vezes, mas não há loops. Como você pode ver mais de 70% do custo estimado é Sortpara o final ORDER BY.

Resultado superior - subquery, inferior - OVER.

Evitando varreduras extras

O último Index Scan, Merge Join e Sort no plano acima é causado pela final INNER JOINcom a tabela original para tornar o resultado final exatamente igual a uma abordagem lenta com subconsulta. O número de linhas retornadas é o mesmo da TransactionHistorytabela. Há linhas em TransactionHistoryque várias transações ocorreram no mesmo dia para o mesmo produto. Se não houver problema em mostrar apenas o resumo diário no resultado, esse final JOINpoderá ser removido e a consulta se tornará um pouco mais simples e um pouco mais rápida. O último Index Scan, Merge Join e Sort do plano anterior são substituídos por Filter, que remove as linhas adicionadas por Calendar.

WITH
-- two scans
-- calculate Start/End dates for each product
CTE_Products
AS
(
    SELECT TH.ProductID
        ,MIN(TH.TransactionDate) AS MinDate
        ,MAX(TH.TransactionDate) AS MaxDate
    FROM [Production].[TransactionHistory] AS TH
    GROUP BY TH.ProductID
)

-- generate set of dates without gaps for each product
,CTE_ProductsWithDates
AS
(
    SELECT CTE_Products.ProductID, C.dt
    FROM
        CTE_Products
        INNER JOIN dbo.Calendar AS C ON
            C.dt >= CTE_Products.MinDate AND
            C.dt <= CTE_Products.MaxDate
)

-- generate set of dates without duplicates for each product
-- calculate daily cost as well
,CTE_DailyCosts
AS
(
    SELECT TH.ProductID, TH.TransactionDate, SUM(ActualCost) AS DailyActualCost
    FROM [Production].[TransactionHistory] AS TH
    GROUP BY TH.ProductID, TH.TransactionDate
)

-- calculate rolling sum over 45 days
,CTE_Sum
AS
(
    SELECT
        CTE_ProductsWithDates.ProductID
        ,CTE_ProductsWithDates.dt
        ,CTE_DailyCosts.DailyActualCost
        ,SUM(CTE_DailyCosts.DailyActualCost) OVER (
            PARTITION BY CTE_ProductsWithDates.ProductID
            ORDER BY CTE_ProductsWithDates.dt
            ROWS BETWEEN 45 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS RollingSum45
    FROM
        CTE_ProductsWithDates
        LEFT JOIN CTE_DailyCosts ON 
            CTE_DailyCosts.ProductID = CTE_ProductsWithDates.ProductID AND
            CTE_DailyCosts.TransactionDate = CTE_ProductsWithDates.dt
)

-- remove rows that were added by Calendar, which fill the gaps in dates
SELECT
    CTE_Sum.ProductID
    ,CTE_Sum.dt AS TransactionDate
    ,CTE_Sum.DailyActualCost
    ,CTE_Sum.RollingSum45
FROM CTE_Sum
WHERE CTE_Sum.DailyActualCost IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY
    CTE_Sum.ProductID
    ,CTE_Sum.dt
;

Ainda assim, TransactionHistoryé digitalizado duas vezes. Uma varredura extra é necessária para obter o intervalo de datas de cada produto. Eu estava interessado em ver como ele se compara a outra abordagem, onde usamos conhecimento externo sobre o intervalo global de datas em TransactionHistory, além de uma tabela extra Productque tem tudo ProductIDspara evitar essa varredura extra. Eu removi o cálculo do número de transações por dia desta consulta para tornar a comparação válida. Ele pode ser adicionado em ambas as consultas, mas gostaria de mantê-lo simples para comparação. Também tive que usar outras datas, pois uso a versão 2014 do banco de dados.

DECLARE @minAnalysisDate DATE = '2013-07-31', 
-- Customizable start date depending on business needs
        @maxAnalysisDate DATE = '2014-08-03'  
-- Customizable end date depending on business needs
SELECT 
    -- one scan
    ProductID, TransactionDate, ActualCost, RollingSum45
--, NumOrders
FROM (
    SELECT ProductID, TransactionDate, 
    --NumOrders, 
    ActualCost,
        SUM(ActualCost) OVER (
                PARTITION BY ProductId ORDER BY TransactionDate 
                ROWS BETWEEN 45 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
            ) AS RollingSum45
    FROM (
        -- The full cross-product of products and dates, 
        -- combined with actual cost information for that product/date
        SELECT p.ProductID, c.dt AS TransactionDate,
            --COUNT(TH.ProductId) AS NumOrders, 
            SUM(TH.ActualCost) AS ActualCost
        FROM Production.Product p
        JOIN dbo.calendar c
            ON c.dt BETWEEN @minAnalysisDate AND @maxAnalysisDate
        LEFT OUTER JOIN Production.TransactionHistory TH
            ON TH.ProductId = p.productId
            AND TH.TransactionDate = c.dt
        GROUP BY P.ProductID, c.dt
    ) aggsByDay
) rollingSums
--WHERE NumOrders > 0
WHERE ActualCost IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY ProductID, TransactionDate
-- MAXDOP 1 to avoid parallel scan inflating the scan count
OPTION (MAXDOP 1);

Ambas as consultas retornam o mesmo resultado na mesma ordem.

Comparação

Aqui estão as estatísticas de tempo e IO.

The two-scan variant is a bit faster and has fewer reads, because one-scan variant has to use Worktable a lot. Besides, one-scan variant generates more rows than needed as you can see in the plans. It generates dates for each ProductID that is in the Product table, even if a ProductID doesn't have any transactions. There are 504 rows in Product table, but only 441 products have transactions in TransactionHistory. Also, it generates the same range of dates for each product, which is more than needed. If TransactionHistory had a longer overall history, with each individual product having relatively short history, the number of extra unneeded rows would be even higher.

On the other hand, it is possible to optimize two-scan variant a bit further by creating another, more narrow index on just (ProductID, TransactionDate). This index would be used to calculate Start/End dates for each product (CTE_Products) and it would have less pages than covering index and as a result cause less reads.

So, we can choose, either have an extra explicit simple scan, or have an implicit Worktable.

BTW, if it is OK to have a result with only daily summaries, then it is better to create an index that doesn't include ReferenceOrderID. It would use less pages => less IO.

CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [i2] ON [Production].[TransactionHistory]
(
    [ProductID] ASC,
    [TransactionDate] ASC
)
INCLUDE ([ActualCost])

Single pass solution using CROSS APPLY

It becomes a really long answer, but here is one more variant that returns only daily summary again, but it does only one scan of the data and it doesn't require external knowledge about range of dates or list of ProductIDs. It doesn't do intermediate Sorts as well. Overall performance is similar to previous variants, though seems to be a bit worse.

The main idea is to use a table of numbers to generate rows that would fill the gaps in dates. For each existing date use LEAD to calculate the size of the gap in days and then use CROSS APPLY to add required number of rows into the result set. At first I tried it with a permanent table of numbers. The plan showed large number of reads in this table, though actual duration was pretty much the same, as when I generated numbers on the fly using CTE.

WITH 
e1(n) AS
(
    SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL 
    SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL 
    SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT 1
) -- 10
,e2(n) AS (SELECT 1 FROM e1 CROSS JOIN e1 AS b) -- 10*10
,e3(n) AS (SELECT 1 FROM e1 CROSS JOIN e2) -- 10*100
,CTE_Numbers
AS
(
    SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY n) AS Number
    FROM e3
)
,CTE_DailyCosts
AS
(
    SELECT
        TH.ProductID
        ,TH.TransactionDate
        ,SUM(ActualCost) AS DailyActualCost
        ,ISNULL(DATEDIFF(day,
            TH.TransactionDate,
            LEAD(TH.TransactionDate) 
            OVER(PARTITION BY TH.ProductID ORDER BY TH.TransactionDate)), 1) AS DiffDays
    FROM [Production].[TransactionHistory] AS TH
    GROUP BY TH.ProductID, TH.TransactionDate
)
,CTE_NoGaps
AS
(
    SELECT
        CTE_DailyCosts.ProductID
        ,CTE_DailyCosts.TransactionDate
        ,CASE WHEN CA.Number = 1 
        THEN CTE_DailyCosts.DailyActualCost
        ELSE NULL END AS DailyCost
    FROM
        CTE_DailyCosts
        CROSS APPLY
        (
            SELECT TOP(CTE_DailyCosts.DiffDays) CTE_Numbers.Number
            FROM CTE_Numbers
            ORDER BY CTE_Numbers.Number
        ) AS CA
)
,CTE_Sum
AS
(
    SELECT
        ProductID
        ,TransactionDate
        ,DailyCost
        ,SUM(DailyCost) OVER (
            PARTITION BY ProductID
            ORDER BY TransactionDate
            ROWS BETWEEN 45 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS RollingSum45
    FROM CTE_NoGaps
)
SELECT
    ProductID
    ,TransactionDate
    ,DailyCost
    ,RollingSum45
FROM CTE_Sum
WHERE DailyCost IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY 
    ProductID
    ,TransactionDate
;

This plan is "longer", because query uses two window functions (LEAD and SUM).

An alternative SQLCLR solution that executes faster and requires less memory:

Deployment Script

That requires the EXTERNAL_ACCESS permission set because it uses a loopback connection to the target server and database instead of the (slow) context connection. This is how to call the function:

SELECT 
    RS.ProductID,
    RS.TransactionDate,
    RS.ActualCost,
    RS.RollingSum45
FROM dbo.RollingSum
(
    N'.\SQL2014',           -- Instance name
    N'AdventureWorks2012'   -- Database name
) AS RS 
ORDER BY
    RS.ProductID,
    RS.TransactionDate,
    RS.ReferenceOrderID;

Produces exactly the same results, in the same order, as the question.

Execution plan:

Profiler logical reads: 481

The main advantage of this implementation is that it is faster than using the context connection, and it uses less memory. It only keeps two things in memory at any one time:

1. Any duplicate rows (same product and transaction date). This is required because until either the product or date changes, we do not know what the final running sum will be. In the sample data, there is one combination of product and date that has 64 rows.
2. A sliding 45 day range of cost and transaction dates only, for the current product. This is necessary to adjust the simple running sum for rows that leave the 45-day sliding window.

This minimal caching should ensure this method scales well; certainly better than trying to hold the entire input set in CLR memory.

Source code

If you are on 64-bit Enterprise, Developer, or Evaluation edition of SQL Server 2014 you can use In-Memory OLTP. The solution will not be a single scan and and will hardly use any window functions at all but it might add some value to this question and the algorithm used could possibly be used as inspiration to other solutions.

First you need to enable In-Memory OLTP on AdventureWorks database.

alter database AdventureWorks2014 
  add filegroup InMem contains memory_optimized_data;

alter database AdventureWorks2014 
  add file (name='AW2014_InMem', 
            filename='D:\SQL Server\MSSQL12.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\DATA\AW2014') 
    to filegroup InMem;

alter database AdventureWorks2014 
  set memory_optimized_elevate_to_snapshot = on;

The parameter to the procedure is an In-Memory table variable and that has to be defined as a type.

create type dbo.TransHistory as table
(
  ID int not null,
  ProductID int not null,
  TransactionDate datetime not null,
  ReferenceOrderID int not null,
  ActualCost money not null,
  RunningTotal money not null,
  RollingSum45 money not null,

  -- Index used in while loop
  index IX_T1 nonclustered hash (ID) with (bucket_count = 1000000),

  -- Used to lookup the running total as it was 45 days ago (or more)
  index IX_T2 nonclustered (ProductID, TransactionDate desc)
) with (memory_optimized = on);

ID is not unique in this table, it is unique for each combination of ProductID and TransactionDate.

There are some comments in the procedure that tell you what it does but overall it is calculating the running total in a loop and for each iteration it does a lookup for the running total as it was 45 days ago (or more).

The current running total minus the running total as it was 45 days ago is the rolling 45 days sum we are looking for.

create procedure dbo.GetRolling45
  @TransHistory dbo.TransHistory readonly
with native_compilation, schemabinding, execute as owner as
begin atomic with(transaction isolation level = snapshot, language = N'us_english')

  -- Table to hold the result
  declare @TransRes dbo.TransHistory;

  -- Loop variable
  declare @ID int = 0;

  -- Current ProductID
  declare @ProductID int = -1;

  -- Previous ProductID used to restart the running total
  declare @PrevProductID int;

  -- Current transaction date used to get the running total 45 days ago (or more)
  declare @TransactionDate datetime;

  -- Sum of actual cost for the group ProductID and TransactionDate
  declare @ActualCost money;

  -- Running total so far
  declare @RunningTotal money = 0;

  -- Running total as it was 45 days ago (or more)
  declare @RunningTotal45 money = 0;

  -- While loop for each unique occurence of the combination of ProductID, TransactionDate
  while @ProductID <> 0
  begin
    set @ID += 1;
    set @PrevProductID = @ProductID;

    -- Get the current values
    select @ProductID = min(ProductID),
           @TransactionDate = min(TransactionDate),
           @ActualCost = sum(ActualCost)
    from @TransHistory 
    where ID = @ID;

    if @ProductID <> 0
    begin
      set @RunningTotal45 = 0;

      if @ProductID <> @PrevProductID
      begin
        -- New product, reset running total
        set @RunningTotal = @ActualCost;
      end
      else
      begin
        -- Same product as last row, aggregate running total
        set @RunningTotal += @ActualCost;

        -- Get the running total as it was 45 days ago (or more)
        select top(1) @RunningTotal45 = TR.RunningTotal
        from @TransRes as TR
        where TR.ProductID = @ProductID and
              TR.TransactionDate < dateadd(day, -45, @TransactionDate)
        order by TR.TransactionDate desc;

      end;

      -- Add all rows that match ID to the result table
      -- RollingSum45 is calculated by using the current running total and the running total as it was 45 days ago (or more)
      insert into @TransRes(ID, ProductID, TransactionDate, ReferenceOrderID, ActualCost, RunningTotal, RollingSum45)
      select @ID, 
             @ProductID, 
             @TransactionDate, 
             TH.ReferenceOrderID, 
             TH.ActualCost, 
             @RunningTotal, 
             @RunningTotal - @RunningTotal45
      from @TransHistory as TH
      where ID = @ID;

    end
  end;

  -- Return the result table to caller
  select TR.ProductID, TR.TransactionDate, TR.ReferenceOrderID, TR.ActualCost, TR.RollingSum45
  from @TransRes as TR
  order by TR.ProductID, TR.TransactionDate, TR.ReferenceOrderID;

end;

Invoke the procedure like this.

-- Parameter to stored procedure GetRollingSum
declare @T dbo.TransHistory;

-- Load data to in-mem table
-- ID is unique for each combination of ProductID, TransactionDate
insert into @T(ID, ProductID, TransactionDate, ReferenceOrderID, ActualCost, RunningTotal, RollingSum45)
select dense_rank() over(order by TH.ProductID, TH.TransactionDate),
       TH.ProductID, 
       TH.TransactionDate, 
       TH.ReferenceOrderID,
       TH.ActualCost,
       0, 
       0
from Production.TransactionHistory as TH;

-- Get the rolling 45 days sum
exec dbo.GetRolling45 @T;

Testing this on my computer Client Statistics reports a Total execution time of about 750 millisecond. For comparisons the sub-query version takes 3.5 seconds.

Extra ramblings:

This algorithm could also be used by regular T-SQL. Calculate the running total, using range not rows, and store the result in a temp table. Then you can query that table with a self join to to the running total as it was 45 days ago and calculate the rolling sum. However, the implementation of range compared to rows is quite slow due to the fact that is needs to treat duplicates of the order by clause differently so I did not get all that good performance with this approach. A workaround to that could be to use another window function like last_value() over a calculated running total using rows to simulate a range running total. Another way is to use max() over(). Both had some issues. Finding the appropriate index to use to avoid sorts and avoiding spools with the max() over() version. I gave up optimising those things but if you are interested in the code I have so far please let me know.

Well that was fun :) My solution is a bit slower than @GeoffPatterson's but part of that is the fact that I'm tying back to the original table in order to eliminate one of Geoff's assumptions (i.e. one row per product/date pair). I went with the assumption this was a simplified version of a final query and may require additional information out of the original table.

Note: I'm borrowing Geoff's calendar table and in fact ended up with a very similar solution:

-- Build calendar table for 2000 ~ 2020
CREATE TABLE dbo.calendar (d DATETIME NOT NULL CONSTRAINT PK_calendar PRIMARY KEY)
GO
DECLARE @d DATETIME = '1/1/2000'
WHILE (@d < '1/1/2021')
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO dbo.calendar (d) VALUES (@d)
    SELECT @d =  DATEADD(DAY, 1, @d)
END

Here is the query itself:

WITH myCTE AS (SELECT PP.ProductID, calendar.d AS TransactionDate, 
                    SUM(ActualCost) AS CostPerDate
                FROM Production.Product PP
                CROSS JOIN calendar
                LEFT OUTER JOIN Production.TransactionHistory PTH
                    ON PP.ProductID = PTH.ProductID
                    AND calendar.d = PTH.TransactionDate
                CROSS APPLY (SELECT MAX(TransactionDate) AS EndDate,
                                MIN(TransactionDate) AS StartDate
                            FROM Production.TransactionHistory) AS Boundaries
                WHERE calendar.d BETWEEN Boundaries.StartDate AND Boundaries.EndDate
                GROUP BY PP.ProductID, calendar.d),
    RunningTotal AS (
        SELECT ProductId, TransactionDate, CostPerDate AS TBE,
                SUM(myCTE.CostPerDate) OVER (
                    PARTITION BY myCTE.ProductID
                    ORDER BY myCTE.TransactionDate
                    ROWS BETWEEN 
                        45 PRECEDING
                        AND CURRENT ROW) AS RollingSum45
        FROM myCTE)
SELECT 
    TH.ProductID,
    TH.TransactionDate,
    TH.ActualCost,
    RollingSum45
FROM Production.TransactionHistory AS TH
JOIN RunningTotal
    ON TH.ProductID = RunningTotal.ProductID
    AND TH.TransactionDate = RunningTotal.TransactionDate
WHERE RunningTotal.TBE IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY
    TH.ProductID,
    TH.TransactionDate,
    TH.ReferenceOrderID;

Basically I decided that the easiest way to deal with it was to use the option for the ROWS clause. But that required that I only have one row per ProductID, TransactionDate combination and not just that, but I had to have one row per ProductID and possible date. I did that combining the Product, calendar and TransactionHistory tables in a CTE. Then I had to create another CTE to generate the rolling information. I had to do this because if I joined it back the the original table directly I got row elimination that threw off my results. After that it was a simple matter of joining my second CTE back to the original table. I did add the TBE column (to be eliminated) to get rid of the blank rows created in the CTEs. Also I used a CROSS APPLY in the initial CTE to generate boundaries for my calendar table.

I then added the recommended index:

CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [TransactionHistory_IX1]
ON [Production].[TransactionHistory] ([TransactionDate])
INCLUDE ([ProductID],[ReferenceOrderID],[ActualCost])

And got the final execution plan:

EDIT: In the end I added an index on the calendar table that sped up performance by a reasonable margin.

CREATE INDEX ix_calendar ON calendar(d)

I have a few alternate solutions that don't use indexes or reference tables. Perhaps they could be useful in situations in which you don't have access to any additional tables and cannot create indexes. It does appear to be possible to get correct results when grouping by TransactionDate with just a single pass of the data and just a single window function. However, I could not figure out a way to do it with just one window function when you cannot group by TransactionDate.

To provide a frame of reference, on my machine the original solution posted in the question has a CPU time of 2808 ms without the covering index and 1950 ms with the covering index. I am testing with the AdventureWorks2014 database and SQL Server Express 2014.

Let's start with a solution for when we can group by TransactionDate. A running sum over the last X days can also be expressed in the following way:

Running sum for a row = running sum of all previous rows - running sum of all previous rows for which the date is outside the date window.

In SQL, one way to express this is by making two copies of your data and for the second copy, multiplying the cost by -1 and adding X+1 days to the date column. Computing a running sum over all of the data will implement the above formula. I'll show this for some example data. Below is some sample date for a single ProductID. I represent dates as numbers to make the calculations easier. Starting data:

╔══════╦══════╗
║ Date ║ Cost ║
╠══════╬══════╣
║    1 ║    3 ║
║    2 ║    6 ║
║   20 ║    1 ║
║   45 ║   -4 ║
║   47 ║    2 ║
║   64 ║    2 ║
╚══════╩══════╝

Add in a second copy of the data. The second copy has 46 days added to the date and the cost multiplied by -1:

╔══════╦══════╦═══════════╗
║ Date ║ Cost ║ CopiedRow ║
╠══════╬══════╬═══════════╣
║    1 ║    3 ║         0 ║
║    2 ║    6 ║         0 ║
║   20 ║    1 ║         0 ║
║   45 ║   -4 ║         0 ║
║   47 ║   -3 ║         1 ║
║   47 ║    2 ║         0 ║
║   48 ║   -6 ║         1 ║
║   64 ║    2 ║         0 ║
║   66 ║   -1 ║         1 ║
║   91 ║    4 ║         1 ║
║   93 ║   -2 ║         1 ║
║  110 ║   -2 ║         1 ║
╚══════╩══════╩═══════════╝

Take the running sum ordered by Date ascending and CopiedRow descending:

╔══════╦══════╦═══════════╦════════════╗
║ Date ║ Cost ║ CopiedRow ║ RunningSum ║
╠══════╬══════╬═══════════╬════════════╣
║    1 ║    3 ║         0 ║          3 ║
║    2 ║    6 ║         0 ║          9 ║
║   20 ║    1 ║         0 ║         10 ║
║   45 ║   -4 ║         0 ║          6 ║
║   47 ║   -3 ║         1 ║          3 ║
║   47 ║    2 ║         0 ║          5 ║
║   48 ║   -6 ║         1 ║         -1 ║
║   64 ║    2 ║         0 ║          1 ║
║   66 ║   -1 ║         1 ║          0 ║
║   91 ║    4 ║         1 ║          4 ║
║   93 ║   -2 ║         1 ║          0 ║
║  110 ║   -2 ║         1 ║          0 ║
╚══════╩══════╩═══════════╩════════════╝

Filter out the copied rows to get the desired result:

╔══════╦══════╦═══════════╦════════════╗
║ Date ║ Cost ║ CopiedRow ║ RunningSum ║
╠══════╬══════╬═══════════╬════════════╣
║    1 ║    3 ║         0 ║          3 ║
║    2 ║    6 ║         0 ║          9 ║
║   20 ║    1 ║         0 ║         10 ║
║   45 ║   -4 ║         0 ║          6 ║
║   47 ║    2 ║         0 ║          5 ║
║   64 ║    2 ║         0 ║          1 ║
╚══════╩══════╩═══════════╩════════════╝

The following SQL is one way to implement the above algorithm:

WITH THGrouped AS 
(
    SELECT
    ProductID,
    TransactionDate,
    SUM(ActualCost) ActualCost
    FROM Production.TransactionHistory
    GROUP BY ProductID,
    TransactionDate
)
SELECT
ProductID,
TransactionDate,
ActualCost,
RollingSum45
FROM
(
    SELECT
    TH.ProductID,
    TH.ActualCost,
    t.TransactionDate,
    SUM(t.ActualCost) OVER (PARTITION BY TH.ProductID ORDER BY t.TransactionDate, t.OrderFlag) AS RollingSum45,
    t.OrderFlag,
    t.FilterFlag -- define this column to avoid another sort at the end
    FROM THGrouped AS TH
    CROSS APPLY (
        VALUES
        (TH.ActualCost, TH.TransactionDate, 1, 0),
        (-1 * TH.ActualCost, DATEADD(DAY, 46, TH.TransactionDate), 0, 1)
    ) t (ActualCost, TransactionDate, OrderFlag, FilterFlag)
) tt
WHERE tt.FilterFlag = 0
ORDER BY
tt.ProductID,
tt.TransactionDate,
tt.OrderFlag
OPTION (MAXDOP 1);

On my machine this took 702 ms of CPU time with the covering index and 734 ms of CPU time without the index. The query plan can be found here: https://www.brentozar.com/pastetheplan/?id=SJdCsGVSl

One downside of this solution is that there appears to be an unavoidable sort when ordering by the new TransactionDate column. I don't think that this sort can be resolved by adding indexes because we need to combine two copies of the data before doing the ordering. I was able to get rid of a sort at the end of the query by adding in a different column to ORDER BY. If I ordered by FilterFlag I found that SQL Server would optimize out that column from the sort and would perform an explicit sort.

Solutions for when we need to return a result set with duplicate TransactionDate values for the same ProductId were much more complicated. I would summarize the problem as simultaneously needing to partition by and order by the same column. The syntax that Paul provided resolves that issue so it's not surprisingly that it's so difficult to express with the current window functions available in SQL Server (if it wasn't difficult to express there would be no need to expand the syntax).

If I use the above query without grouping then I get different values for the rolling sum when there are multiple rows with the same ProductId and TransactionDate. One way to resolve this is to do the same running sum calculation as above but also to flag the last row in the partition. This can be done with LEAD (assuming ProductID is never NULL) without an additional sort. For the final running sum value, I use MAX as a window function to apply the value in the last row of the partition to all rows in the partition.

SELECT
ProductID,
TransactionDate,
ReferenceOrderID,
ActualCost,
MAX(CASE WHEN LasttRowFlag = 1 THEN RollingSum ELSE NULL END) OVER (PARTITION BY ProductID, TransactionDate) RollingSum45
FROM
(
    SELECT
    TH.ProductID,
    TH.ActualCost,
    TH.ReferenceOrderID,
    t.TransactionDate,
    SUM(t.ActualCost) OVER (PARTITION BY TH.ProductID ORDER BY t.TransactionDate, t.OrderFlag, TH.ReferenceOrderID) RollingSum,
    CASE WHEN LEAD(TH.ProductID) OVER (PARTITION BY TH.ProductID, t.TransactionDate ORDER BY t.OrderFlag, TH.ReferenceOrderID) IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END LasttRowFlag,
    t.OrderFlag,
    t.FilterFlag -- define this column to avoid another sort at the end
    FROM Production.TransactionHistory AS TH
    CROSS APPLY (
        VALUES
        (TH.ActualCost, TH.TransactionDate, 1, 0),
        (-1 * TH.ActualCost, DATEADD(DAY, 46, TH.TransactionDate), 0, 1)
    ) t (ActualCost, TransactionDate, OrderFlag, FilterFlag)
) tt
WHERE tt.FilterFlag = 0
ORDER BY
tt.ProductID,
tt.TransactionDate,
tt.OrderFlag,
tt.ReferenceOrderID
OPTION (MAXDOP 1);  

On my machine this took 2464ms of CPU time without the covering index. As before there appears to be an unavoidable sort. The query plan can be found here: https://www.brentozar.com/pastetheplan/?id=HyWxhGVBl

Eu acho que há espaço para melhorias na consulta acima. Certamente existem outras maneiras de usar as funções do Windows para obter o resultado desejado.