Por que um índice gin em uma coluna jsonb está retardando minha consulta e o que posso fazer sobre isso?

Inicializar dados de teste:

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;
CREATE TABLE docs (data JSONB NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}');
-- generate 200k documents, ~half with type: "type1" and another half with type: "type2", unique incremented index and random uuid per each row
INSERT INTO docs (data)
SELECT json_build_object('id', gen_random_uuid(), 'type', (CASE WHEN random() > 0.5 THEN 'type1' ELSE 'type2' END) ,'index', n)::JSONB
FROM generate_series(1, 200000) n;
-- inset one more row with explicit uuid to query by it later
INSERT INTO docs (data) VALUES (json_build_object('id', '30e84646-c5c5-492d-b7f7-c884d77d1e0a', 'type', 'type1' ,'index', 200001)::JSONB);

Primeira consulta - filtrar por dados->tipo e limite:

-- FAST ~19ms
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM docs
WHERE data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::JSONB
LIMIT 25;
/* "Limit  (cost=0.00..697.12 rows=25 width=90) (actual time=0.029..0.070 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "  ->  Seq Scan on docs  (cost=0.00..5577.00 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=0.028..0.061 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "        Filter: (data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::jsonb)"
   "        Rows Removed by Filter: 17"
   "Planning time: 0.069 ms"
   "Execution time: 0.098 ms" 
*/

Segunda consulta - filtrar por dados->tipo, ordenar por dados->índice e limite

-- SLOW ~250ms
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM docs
WHERE data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::JSONB
ORDER BY data->'index' -- added ORDER BY
LIMIT 25;

/* "Limit  (cost=5583.14..5583.21 rows=25 width=90) (actual time=236.750..236.754 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "  ->  Sort  (cost=5583.14..5583.64 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=236.750..236.750 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "        Sort Key: ((data -> 'index'::text))"
   "        Sort Method: top-N heapsort  Memory: 28kB"
   "        ->  Seq Scan on docs  (cost=0.00..5577.50 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=0.020..170.797 rows=100158 loops=1)"
   "              Filter: (data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::jsonb)"
   "              Rows Removed by Filter: 99842"
   "Planning time: 0.075 ms"
   "Execution time: 236.785 ms"
*/

Terceira consulta - igual à Segunda (anterior), mas com índice btree em dados->índice:

CREATE INDEX docs_data_index_idx ON docs ((data->'index'));

-- FAST ~19ms
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM docs
WHERE data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::JSONB
ORDER BY data->'index' -- added BTREE index on this field
LIMIT 25;
/* "Limit  (cost=0.42..2473.98 rows=25 width=90) (actual time=0.040..0.125 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "  ->  Index Scan using docs_data_index_idx on docs  (cost=0.42..19788.92 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=0.038..0.119 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "        Filter: (data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::jsonb)"
   "        Rows Removed by Filter: 17"
   "Planning time: 0.127 ms"
   "Execution time: 0.159 ms"
*/

Quarta consulta - agora filtre por data->id e limite = 1:

-- SLOW ~116ms
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM docs
WHERE data @> ('{"id": "30e84646-c5c5-492d-b7f7-c884d77d1e0a"}')::JSONB -- querying by "id" field now
LIMIT 1;
/* "Limit  (cost=0.00..27.89 rows=1 width=90) (actual time=97.990..97.990 rows=1 loops=1)"
   "  ->  Seq Scan on docs  (cost=0.00..5577.00 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=97.989..97.989 rows=1 loops=1)"
   "        Filter: (data @> '{"id": "30e84646-c5c5-492d-b7f7-c884d77d1e0a"}'::jsonb)"
   "        Rows Removed by Filter: 189999"
   "Planning time: 0.064 ms"
   "Execution time: 98.012 ms"
*/ 

Quinta consulta - igual à quarta, mas com índice gin (json_path_ops) nos dados:

CREATE INDEX docs_data_idx ON docs USING GIN (data jsonb_path_ops);

-- FAST ~17ms
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM docs
WHERE data @> '{"id": "30e84646-c5c5-492d-b7f7-c884d77d1e0a"}'::JSONB -- added gin index with json_path_ops
LIMIT 1;
/* "Limit  (cost=17.55..20.71 rows=1 width=90) (actual time=0.027..0.027 rows=1 loops=1)"
   "  ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on docs  (cost=17.55..649.91 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=0.026..0.026 rows=1 loops=1)"
   "        Recheck Cond: (data @> '{"id": "30e84646-c5c5-492d-b7f7-c884d77d1e0a"}'::jsonb)"
   "        Heap Blocks: exact=1"
   "        ->  Bitmap Index Scan on docs_data_idx  (cost=0.00..17.50 rows=200 width=0) (actual time=0.016..0.016 rows=1 loops=1)"
   "              Index Cond: (data @> '{"id": "30e84646-c5c5-492d-b7f7-c884d77d1e0a"}'::jsonb)"
   "Planning time: 0.095 ms"
   "Execution time: 0.055 ms"
*/

Sexta (e última) consulta - igual à Terceira consulta (consulta por dados->tipo, ordem por dados->índice, limite):

-- SLOW AGAIN! ~224ms
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM docs
WHERE data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::JSONB
ORDER BY data->'index'
LIMIT 25;
/* "Limit  (cost=656.06..656.12 rows=25 width=90) (actual time=215.927..215.932 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "  ->  Sort  (cost=656.06..656.56 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=215.925..215.925 rows=25 loops=1)"
   "        Sort Key: ((data -> 'index'::text))"
   "        Sort Method: top-N heapsort  Memory: 28kB"
   "        ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on docs  (cost=17.55..650.41 rows=200 width=90) (actual time=33.134..152.618 rows=100158 loops=1)"
   "              Recheck Cond: (data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::jsonb)"
   "              Heap Blocks: exact=3077"
   "              ->  Bitmap Index Scan on docs_data_idx  (cost=0.00..17.50 rows=200 width=0) (actual time=32.468..32.468 rows=100158 loops=1)"
   "                    Index Cond: (data @> '{"type": "type1"}'::jsonb)"
   "Planning time: 0.157 ms"
   "Execution time: 215.992 ms"
*/

Portanto, parece que a sexta consulta (igual à terceira) é muito mais lenta quando há índice gin na coluna de dados. É provavelmente porque não há muitos valores distintos para o campo data->type (apenas "type1" ou "type2")? O que posso fazer sobre isso? Preciso do gin index para fazer outras consultas que tirem proveito dele...